{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:00:17Z","timestamp":1777510817067,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To further explore the potential of CO2 emission reduction and optimize the cost of microgrids, a two-stage robust optimization configuration method for multi-energy microgrids is proposed, considering uncertainty, tiered carbon trading, and demand response. The model incorporates power-to-gas (P2G) and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to enhance renewable energy utilization and reduce carbon emissions. A tiered carbon trading mechanism is introduced to penalize high emissions, while incentive-based demand response is employed to adjust load profiles and improve economic performance. The optimization model is formulated as a two-stage robust problem: the outer stage minimizes annual investment and maintenance costs, while the inner stage identifies the worst-case scenario under uncertainties. The model is solved using the Column-and-Constraint Generation (C&amp;CG) algorithm and implemented in MATLAB R2022b with the Gourbi solver. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach reduces carbon emissions by up to 31.9% and total costs by 3.28% compared to conventional configurations, while increasing the penetration of renewable energy. This study provides practical reference for the low-carbon and economic planning of microgrids with P2G and CCS integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17111999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:50:07Z","timestamp":1763542207000},"page":"1999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Two-Stage Robust Optimal Configuration of Multi-Energy Microgrid Considering Tiered Carbon Trading and Demand Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Electrothermal coordinated operation optimization of park integrated energy system considering carbon trading mechanism and demand response","volume":"51","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Therm. Power Gener."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.034","article-title":"A review of technical challenges in planning and operation of remote area power supply systems","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Integrated energy production unit: An innovative concept and design for energy transition toward low-carbon development","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"CSEE J. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2022.107657","article-title":"Optimal design of a hybrid renewable energy system with grid connection and comparison of techno-economic performances with an off-grid system: A case study of West China","volume":"159","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.124046","article-title":"Capacity configuration optimization of multi-energy system integrating wind turbine\/photovoltaic\/hydrogen\/battery","volume":"252","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"9","article-title":"Optimal configuration of microgrid considering low-carbon hydrogen production","volume":"43","author":"Zuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electr. Power Automat. Equip."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.06.128","article-title":"Decision-making methodology for managing photovoltaic surplus electricity through Power to Gas: Combined heat and power in urban buildings","volume":"228","author":"Bailera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.130655","article-title":"Electricity and heat sharing strategy of regional comprehensive energy multi-microgrid based on double-layer game","volume":"293","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"85","article-title":"Low-carbon scheduling of power system with wind power considering uncertainty of both source and load sides","volume":"40","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Automat. Equip."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"769","article-title":"Low-carbon economic dispatch based on ladder carbon trading virtual powerplant considering carbon capture power plant and Power-to-Gas","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Power Gener. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"22","article-title":"Two-stage robust optimal scheduling of a microgrid with a stepped carbon trading mechanism","volume":"51","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Power Syst. Protect. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1357","article-title":"Economic operation optimization of smart micro grid considering the uncertainty","volume":"35","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Control Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Source-load-storage coordinated optimal scheduling of microgrid considering differential demand response","volume":"40","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Automat. Equip."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"147","article-title":"Optimal operation strategy for virtual power plant considering regulation market and external demand response","volume":"56","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electr. Power"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.104665","article-title":"Stochastic scheduling of resilient interconnected energy hubs considering peer-to-peer energy trading and energy storages","volume":"50","author":"Rezaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2359","article-title":"Multi-time scale stochastic optimal dispatch for AC\/DC hybrid microgrid incorporating multi-scenario analysis","volume":"46","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"High Volt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2019.100232","article-title":"An integrated framework for optimal planning and operation schedule of microgrid under uncertainty","volume":"19","author":"Prathapaneni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Grids Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2013.2280645","article-title":"Stochastic energy scheduling in microgrids with intermittent renewable energy resources","volume":"5","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.06.021","article-title":"Simultaneous load leveling and voltage profile improvement in distribution networks by optimal battery storage planning","volume":"181","author":"Mehrjerdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121176","article-title":"Chance-constrained energy and multi-type reserves scheduling exploiting flexibility from combined power and heat units and heat pumps","volume":"233","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Survey on robust linear optimization","volume":"24","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Control Decis."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"4013","article-title":"Economic dispatch of microgrid based on two stage robust optimization","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. CSEE"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2022.108386","article-title":"Multi-objective optimal scheduling model with IGDT method of integrated energy system considering ladder-type carbon trading mechanism","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"9","article-title":"Carbon trading based low-carbon economic operation for integrated electricity and natural gas energy system","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Electr. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"16","article-title":"Carbon emission permit allocation and trading","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Tsinghua Univ. (Sci. Technol.)"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1109\/59.867149","article-title":"Factoring the elasticity of demand in electricity prices","volume":"15","author":"Kirschen","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Staff Team (2012). 2012 Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering Staff Report, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"43","article-title":"Two-stage distributed robust cooperative dispatch for integrated elcctricity and natural gas energy systems considering uncertainty of wind power","volume":"42","author":"Shui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Electr. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.43.2.264","article-title":"Robust Optimization of Large-Scale Systems","volume":"43","author":"Mulvey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123348","article-title":"Environment-friendly and economical scheduling optimization for integrated energy system considering power-to-gas technology and carbon capture power plant","volume":"276","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/11\/1999\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T09:11:09Z","timestamp":1763543469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/11\/1999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17111999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17111999","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}}}