{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:37:19Z","timestamp":1760243839860,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,27]],"date-time":"2011-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1311724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An analysis of the path integral approach to quantum theory motivates the hypothesis that two experiments with the same classical action should have dual ontological descriptions. If correct, this hypothesis would not only constrain realistic interpretations of quantum theory, but would also act as a constructive principle, allowing any realistic model of one experiment to generate a corresponding model for its action-dual. Two pairs of action-dual experiments are presented, including one experiment that violates the Bell inequality and yet is action-dual to a single particle. The implications generally support retrodictive and retrocausal interpretations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym3030524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,27]],"date-time":"2011-07-27T12:24:15Z","timestamp":1311769455000},"page":"524-540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Action Duality: A Constructive Principle for Quantum Foundations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Ken B.","family":"Wharton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Jos\u00e9 State University, San Jos\u00e9, CA 95192-0106, USA"},{"name":"Centre for Time, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Time, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huw","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Time, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.20.367","article-title":"Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics","volume":"20","author":"Feynman","year":"1948","journal-title":"Rev. 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Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Field Theory, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Leifer, M.S. Personal communication."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/3\/3\/524\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:54Z","timestamp":1760219814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/3\/3\/524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,27]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["sym3030524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym3030524","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,27]]}}}