{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:25:39Z","timestamp":1760243139721,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]],"date-time":"2015-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GI 336\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GI 336\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Research of the German State of North Rhine-Westphalia\/the Stem Cell Network North Rhine-Westphalia","award":["323 - 400 012 13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323 - 400 012 13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Somatic stem cells are rare cells with unique properties residing in many organs and tissues. They are undifferentiated cells responsible for tissue regeneration and homeostasis, and contain both the capacity to self-renew in order to maintain their stem cell potential and to differentiate towards tissue-specific, specialized cells. However, the knowledge about the mechanisms controlling somatic stem cell fate decisions remains sparse. One mechanism which has been described to control daughter cell fates in selected somatic stem cell systems is the process of asymmetric cell division (ACD). ACD is a tightly regulated and evolutionary conserved process allowing a single stem or progenitor cell to produce two differently specified daughter cells. In this concise review, we will summarize and discuss current concepts about the process of ACD as well as different ACD modes. Finally, we will recapitulate the current knowledge and our recent findings about ACD in human hematopoiesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym7042025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]],"date-time":"2015-11-05T10:56:04Z","timestamp":1446720964000},"page":"2025-2037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Concise Review: Asymmetric Cell Divisions in Stem Cell Biology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Murke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, Essen 45147, Germany"}]},{"given":"Symone","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, Essen 45147, Germany"},{"name":"CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Bras\u00edlia 70040-020, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Giebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, Essen 45147, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"G\u00f6rgens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, Essen 45147, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadereit, S., and Udolph, G. (2010). Umbilical Cord Blood: A Future for Regenerative Medicine?, World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated.","DOI":"10.1142\/6952"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e328011a8d6","article-title":"Cancer stem cells and oncology therapeutics","volume":"19","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2368","article-title":"Getting to the stem of chronic myeloid leukaemia","volume":"8","author":"Savona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2499","article-title":"Cancer stem cells in solid tumours: Accumulating evidence and unresolved questions","volume":"8","author":"Visvader","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.01.036","article-title":"Stems cells and the pathways to aging and cancer","volume":"132","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604029","article-title":"Relationships between stem cell exhaustion, tumour suppression and ageing","volume":"97","author":"Ruzankina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2241","article-title":"How stem cells age and why this makes us grow old","volume":"8","author":"Sharpless","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-09-570192","article-title":"Making sense of hematopoietic stem cell niches","volume":"125","author":"Boulais","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.05.001","article-title":"The dynamic duo: Niche\/stem cell interdependency","volume":"4","author":"Mesa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12641","article-title":"Bone marrow stem cells: Current and emerging concepts","volume":"1335","author":"Scadden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.06.006","article-title":"Asymmetric segregation of the double-stranded RNA binding protein staufen2 during mammalian neural stem cell divisions promotes lineage progression","volume":"11","author":"Kusek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.06.010","article-title":"An asymmetrically localized staufen2-dependent RNA complex regulates maintenance of mammalian neural stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Vessey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260384","article-title":"Asymmetric apportioning of aged mitochondria between daughter cells is required for stemness","volume":"348","author":"Katajisto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/521296a","article-title":"Stem cells: Asymmetric rejuvenation","volume":"521","author":"Suomalainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.5.1558","article-title":"Immunofluorescence visualization of germ-line-specific cytoplasmic granules in embryos, larvae, and adults of caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"79","author":"Strome","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.4.1303","article-title":"Segregation of germ granules in living caenorhabditis elegans embryos: Cell-type-specific mechanisms for cytoplasmic localisation","volume":"122","author":"Hird","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90427-2","article-title":"Cellular interactions in early C. elegans embryos","volume":"48","author":"Priess","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(83)90201-4","article-title":"The embryonic cell lineage of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"100","author":"Sulston","year":"1983","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(88)80024-2","article-title":"Identification of genes required for cytoplasmic localization in early C. elegans embryos","volume":"52","author":"Kemphues","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/377627a0","article-title":"Asymmetric segregation of the homeodomain protein prospero during drosophila development","volume":"377","author":"Hirata","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.10.3187","article-title":"The prospero transcription factor is asymmetrically localized to the cell cortex during neuroblast mitosis in drosophila","volume":"121","author":"Spana","year":"1995","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/71323","article-title":"Rotation and asymmetry of the mitotic spindle direct asymmetric cell division in the developing central nervous system","volume":"2","author":"Kaltschmidt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.0052","article-title":"Inscuteable, a neural precursor gene of drosophila, encodes a candidate for a cytoskeleton adaptor protein","volume":"174","author":"Kraut","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/383050a0","article-title":"Role of inscuteable in orienting asymmetric cell divisions in drosophila","volume":"383","author":"Kraut","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/990135","article-title":"Bazooka recruits inscuteable to orient asymmetric cell divisions in drosophila neuroblasts","volume":"402","author":"Schober","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.150.6.1361","article-title":"Drosophila atypical protein kinase C associates with bazooka and controls polarity of epithelia and neuroblasts","volume":"150","author":"Wodarz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/990128","article-title":"Bazooka provides an apical cue for inscuteable localization in drosophila neuroblasts","volume":"402","author":"Wodarz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.21.11925","article-title":"The drosophila numb protein inhibits signaling of the notch receptor during cell-cell interaction in sensory organ lineage","volume":"93","author":"Frise","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.16.3573","article-title":"Revisiting the drosophila microchaete lineage: A novel intrinsically asymmetric cell division generates a glial cell","volume":"126","author":"Gho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80278-0","article-title":"Control of daughter cell fates during asymmetric division: Interaction of numb and notch","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90849-0","article-title":"Numb, a gene required in determination of cell fate during sensory organ formation in drosophila embryos","volume":"58","author":"Uemura","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2419","article-title":"Endocytosis by numb breaks notch symmetry at cytokinesis","volume":"14","author":"Couturier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26427","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.014845","article-title":"Numb regulates post-endocytic trafficking and degradation of notch1","volume":"284","author":"McGill","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90112-0","article-title":"Asymmetric distribution of numb protein during division of the sensory organ precursor cell confers distinct fates to daughter cells","volume":"76","author":"Rhyu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.103129df","article-title":"Drosophila mechanoreceptors as a model for studying asymmetric cell division","volume":"55","author":"Furman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.01.006","article-title":"Notch signaling: Numb makes the difference","volume":"22","author":"Giebel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e3281900f12","article-title":"The beauty of asymmetry: Asymmetric divisions and self-renewal in the haematopoietic system","volume":"14","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6750","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210759","article-title":"Differential contributions of haematopoietic stem cells to foetal and adult haematopoiesis: Insights from functional analysis of transcriptional regulators","volume":"26","author":"Pina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.03.020","article-title":"Lipid raft redistribution and morphological cell polarization are separable processes providing a basis for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell migration","volume":"44","author":"Gorgens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.18.3607","article-title":"Atypical protein kinase C cooperates with PAR-3 to establish embryonic polarity in caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"125","author":"Tabuse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.10.3133","article-title":"PAR-6, a gene involved in the establishment of asymmetry in early C. elegans embryos, mediates the asymmetric localization of PAR-3","volume":"122","author":"Watts","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02898","article-title":"The PAR-aPKC system: Lessons in polarity","volume":"119","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/35050550","article-title":"DmPAR-6 directs epithelial polarity and asymmetric cell division of neuroblasts in drosophila","volume":"3","author":"Petronczki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.261555598","article-title":"Bazooka is required for localization of determinants and controlling proliferation in the sensory organ precursor cell lineage in drosophila","volume":"98","author":"Roegiers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02040","article-title":"Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche","volume":"425","author":"Calvi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02041","article-title":"Identification of the haematopoietic stem cell niche and control of the niche size","volume":"425","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.026","article-title":"Slam family receptors distinguish hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and reveal endothelial niches for stem cells","volume":"121","author":"Kiel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11926","article-title":"CXCL12 in early mesenchymal progenitors is required for haematopoietic stem-cell maintenance","volume":"495","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10783","article-title":"Endothelial and perivascular cells maintain haematopoietic stem cells","volume":"481","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09262","article-title":"Mesenchymal and haematopoietic stem cells form a unique bone marrow niche","volume":"466","author":"Michurina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.03.012","article-title":"This niche is a maze; an amazing niche","volume":"12","author":"Hanoun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.02.019","article-title":"Mesenchymal cell contributions to the stem cell niche","volume":"16","author":"Kfoury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-006-0045-4","article-title":"Asymmetry of stem cell fate and the potential impact of the niche: Observations, simulations, and interpretations","volume":"2","author":"Roeder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.6.1117","article-title":"Asymmetric cell divisions sustain long-term hematopoiesis from single-sorted human fetal liver cells","volume":"188","author":"Brummendorf","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-08-3139","article-title":"Primitive human hematopoietic cells give rise to differentially specified daughter cells upon their initial cell division","volume":"107","author":"Giebel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V66.2.327.327","article-title":"Disparate differentiation in hemopoietic colonies derived from human paired progenitors","volume":"66","author":"Leary","year":"1985","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(02)00781-6","article-title":"Functional analysis of initial cell divisions defines the subsequent fate of individual human CD34+CD38\u2013cells","volume":"30","author":"Punzel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-02-0511","article-title":"Segregation of lipid raft markers including CD133 in polarized human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells","volume":"104","author":"Giebel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5494","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-11-055921","article-title":"Asymmetric cell division within the human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell compartment: Identification of asymmetrically segregating proteins","volume":"109","author":"Beckmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5013","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.12.5013","article-title":"A novel five-transmembrane hematopoietic stem cell antigen: Isolation, characterization, and molecular cloning","volume":"90","author":"Miraglia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.12.5002","article-title":"AC133, a novel marker for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells","volume":"90","author":"Yin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews, R., and Ahringer, J. (2007). Asymmetry of early endosome distribution in C. elegans embryos. PLoS One, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000493"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.6.18.4658","article-title":"Asymmetric cell divisions of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells meet endosomes","volume":"6","author":"Giebel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2009.05.006","article-title":"Endocytosis, asymmetric cell division, stem cells and cancer: Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno","volume":"3","author":"Furthauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2008.04.004","article-title":"The stem cell marker CD133 meets the endosomal compartment\u2014New insights into the cell division of hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"41","author":"Fonseca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.26900","article-title":"New relationships of human hematopoietic lineages facilitate detection of multipotent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells","volume":"12","author":"Gorgens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.04.025","article-title":"Revision of the human hematopoietic tree: Granulocyte subtypes derive from distinct hematopoietic lineages","volume":"3","author":"Gorgens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13362","article-title":"CD133 allows elaborated discrimination and quantification of haematopoietic progenitor subsets in human haematopoietic stem cell transplants","volume":"169","author":"Radtke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2014.09.016","article-title":"Multipotent hematopoietic progenitors divide asymmetrically to create progenitors of the lymphomyeloid and erythromyeloid lineages","volume":"3","author":"Gorgens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0442","article-title":"Cancer stem cell division: When the rules of asymmetry are broken","volume":"24","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-008-0357-8","article-title":"The utility and limitations of glycosylated human CD133 epitopes in defining cancer stem cells","volume":"86","author":"Bidlingmaier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med. Berl."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2010.07.007","article-title":"Identification of a novel monoclonal antibody recognizing CD133","volume":"361","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/7\/4\/2025\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:51:35Z","timestamp":1760215895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/7\/4\/2025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["sym7042025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym7042025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]]}}}