{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:39:54Z","timestamp":1768901994511,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS).","award":["FP073-2015A."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP073-2015A."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Region duplication forgery where a part of the image itself is copied and pasted onto a different part of the same image grid is becoming more popular in image manipulation. The forgers often apply geometric transformations such as rotation and scaling operations to make the forgery imperceptible. In this study, an image region duplication forgery detection algorithm is proposed based on the angular radial partitioning and Harris key-points. Two standard databases have been used: image data manipulation and MICC-F220 (Media Integration and Communication Center\u2013 of the University of Florence) for experimentation. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed technique can detect rotated regions in multiples of 30 degrees and can detect region duplication with different scaling factors from 0.8, to 1.2. More experimental results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of detecting region duplication that has undergone other changes, such as Gaussian noise, and JPEG compression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym8070062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T09:48:45Z","timestamp":1468403325000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Image Region Duplication Forgery Detection Based on Angular Radial Partitioning and Harris Key-Points"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Diaa","family":"Uliyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Jalab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1062-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainuddin","family":"Abdul Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2015.01.016","article-title":"Going deeper into copy-move forgery detection: Exploring image telltales via multi-scale analysis and voting processes","volume":"29","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2106121","article-title":"Detecting recompression of JPEG images via periodicity analysis of compression artifacts for tampering detection","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2010.2046268","article-title":"Source camera identification using enhanced sensor pattern noise","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kee, E., O\u2019Brien, J.F., and Farid, H. (2013). Exposing photo manipulation with inconsistent shadows. ACM Trans. Graph., 32.","DOI":"10.1145\/2487228.2487236"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Johnson, M.K., and Farid, H. (2007). Digital Watermarking, Springer."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghaddasi, Z., Jalab, H.A., Md Noor, R., and Aghabozorgi, S. (2014). Improving RLRN image splicing detection with the use of PCA and kernel PCA. Sci. World J., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/606570"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.3390\/e17074775","article-title":"Fractional differential texture descriptors based on the machado entropy for image splicing detection","volume":"17","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghaddasi, Z., Jalab, H.A., and Noor, R.M. (2014, January 18\u201320). SVD-Based Image Splicing Detection. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference onInformation Technology and Multimedia (ICIMU), Putrajaya, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIMU.2014.7066598"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghaddasi, Z., Jalab, H.A., and Noor, R.M. (2015, January 6\u20138). A Comparison Study on Svd-Based Features in Different Transforms for Image Splicing Detection. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Taiwan (ICCE-TW), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE-TW.2015.7216815"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Granty, R.E.J., Aditya, T., and Madhu, S.S. (2010, January 27\u201329). Survey on passive methods of image tampering detection. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Communication and Computational Intelligence (INCOCCI), Erode, India."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.05.027","article-title":"Passive detection of copy-move forgery in digital images: State-of-the-art","volume":"231","author":"Khoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uliyan, D.M., Jalab, H.A., and Wahab, A.W.A. (2015, January 24\u201326). Copy move image forgery detection using hessian and center symmetric local binary pattern. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Confernece on Open Systems (ICOS), Melaka, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOS.2015.7377269"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadeghi, S.H.A.J., Wong, K.S., Uliyan, D., and Dadkhah, S. (2016). Keypoint based authentication and localization of copy-move forgery in digital image. Malays. J. Comput. Sci., accepted.","DOI":"10.22452\/mjcs.vol30no2.4"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Fridrich, A.J., Soukal, B.D., and Luk\u00e1\u0161, A.J. (2003, January 5\u20138). Detection of Copy-Move Forgery in Digital Images, Proceedings of the Digital Forensic Research Workshop, Cleveland, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sheng, G., Gao, T., Cao, Y., Gao, L., and Fan, L. (2012). Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence, Springer."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"251","article-title":"DWT-PCA(EVD) based copy-move image forgery detection","volume":"5","author":"Zimba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dig. Content Technol. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H., Guo, W., and Zhang, Y. (2008, January 19\u201320). Detection of copy-move forgery in digital images using sift algorithm. Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application, 2008 (PACIIA'08), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PACIIA.2008.240"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2129512","article-title":"A sift-based forensic method for copy\u2013move attack detection and transformation recovery","volume":"6","author":"Amerini","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Ttans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2194285","article-title":"Robust image alignment for tampering detection","volume":"7","author":"Battiato","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Ttans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2010.09.001","article-title":"A passive image authentication scheme for detecting region-duplication forgery with rotation","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-009-0439-9","article-title":"Fine-search for image copy detection based on local affine-invariant descriptor and spatial dependent matching","volume":"52","author":"Ling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2188390","article-title":"Exposing postprocessed copy\u2013paste forgeries through transform-invariant features","volume":"7","author":"Kakar","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Ttans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayram, S., Sencar, H.T., and Memon, N. (2009, January 19\u201324). An efficient and robust method for detecting copy-move forgery. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2009), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2009.4959768"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.05.002","article-title":"Image region duplication detection based on circular window expansion and phase correlation","volume":"222","author":"Shao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2272377","article-title":"Rotation invariant localization of duplicated image regions based on zernike moments","volume":"8","author":"Ryu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Ttans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.110","article-title":"Statistical region merging","volume":"26","author":"Nock","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2218597","article-title":"An evaluation of popular copy-move forgery detection approaches","volume":"7","author":"Christlein","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Ttans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1109\/34.868688","article-title":"Normalized cuts and image segmentation","volume":"22","author":"Shi","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Chen, T.-W., Chen, Y.-L., and Chien, S.-Y. (2008, January 8\u201310). Fast image segmentation based on k-means clustering with histograms in HSV color space. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Cairns, Australia."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2013.02.007","article-title":"Efficient image duplicated region detection model using sequential block clustering","volume":"10","author":"Sekeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1978.4309999","article-title":"Textural features corresponding to visual perception","volume":"8","author":"Tamura","year":"1978","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Timm, N.H. (2007). Applied Multivariate Analysis, Springer. SPIN 10848751."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-vis:20040332","article-title":"Edge image description using angular radial partitioning","volume":"151","author":"Chalechale","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Vis. Image Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, C., and Stephens, M. (1988, January 2). A Combined Corner and Edge Detector. Proceedings of the Alvey Vision Conference, Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.5244\/C.2.23"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.04.043","article-title":"Evolving estimators of the pointwise h\u00f6lder exponent with genetic programming","volume":"209","author":"Trujillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.03.013","article-title":"Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median","volume":"49","author":"Leys","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, P., Mishra, N., Sharma, S., and Patel, R. (2013). Region duplication forgery detection technique based on SURF and HAC. Sci. World J., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/267691"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2010.2078506","article-title":"Region duplication detection using image feature matching","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3948","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.855406","article-title":"Exposing digital forgeries in color filter array interpolated images","volume":"53","author":"Popescu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/8\/7\/62\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:26:03Z","timestamp":1760210763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/8\/7\/62"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["sym8070062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym8070062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]}}}