{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T20:04:55Z","timestamp":1775073895602,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1F32EY025520-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F32EY025520-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1632738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1632738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1632849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1632849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We happened to observe that text that was reflected about either the horizontal or vertical axis was more difficult to read than text that was reflected about first one and then the other, which amounts to a 180-degree rotation. In this article, we review a number of studies that examine the nature of recognizing reflected and inverted letters, and the frequency of mirror reversal errors (e.g., confusing 'b' for 'd') in children and adults. We explore recent ideas linking the acquisition of literacy with the loss of mirror-invariance, not just for text, but for objects in general. We try to connect these various literatures to examine why certain transformations of text are more difficult to read than others for adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9030028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T11:45:01Z","timestamp":1487850301000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["On the Legibility of Mirror-Reflected and Rotated Text"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Gennady","family":"Erlikhman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Strother","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iskra","family":"Barzakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gideon","family":"Caplovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.2307\/1127327","article-title":"Young children\u2019s orientation of letters as a function of axis of symmetry and stimulus alignment","volume":"41","author":"Cairns","year":"1970","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080122","article-title":"Spontaneous mirror-writing in children","volume":"39","author":"Cornell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can. 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