{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1776680718898,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluctuating asymmetry is hypothesized to predict developmental instability (DI) and fitness outcomes. While published studies largely support this prediction, publication bias remains an issue. Biologists have increasingly turned to meta-analysis to estimate true support for an effect. Van Dongen and Gangestad (VD&amp;G) performed a meta-analysis on studies of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and fitness-related qualities in humans. They found an average robust effect size, but estimates varied widely. Recently, psychologists have identified limitations in traditional meta-analyses and popular companion adjustments, and have advocated for alternative meta-analytic techniques. P-curve estimates true mean effects using significant published effects; it also detects the presence of p-hacking (where researchers exploit researcher \u201cdegrees of freedom\u201d), not just publication bias. Alternative selection methods also provide a means to estimate average effect size correcting for publication bias, but may better account for heterogeneity in effect sizes and publication decisions than p-curve. We provide a demonstration by performing p-curve and selection method analyses on the set of effects from VD&amp;G. We estimate an overall effect size range (r = 0.08\u20130.15) comparable to VD&amp;G, but with notable differences between domains and techniques. Results from alternative estimation methods can provide corroborating evidence for, as well as insights beyond, traditional meta-analytic estimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9070098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]],"date-time":"2017-06-28T10:25:56Z","timestamp":1498645556000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["p-Curve and Selection Methods as Meta-Analytic Supplements for Biologists: A Demonstration of Effect Size Estimation in Studies of Human Fluctuating Asymmetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Grebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham 27708, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1634-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Falcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Gangestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1086\/286030","article-title":"Developmental stability and fitness: A review","volume":"149","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. 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