{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T10:12:14Z","timestamp":1767262334692,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a fuel consumption estimation system and method with lower cost. On-board units can report vehicle speed, and user devices can send fuel information to a data analysis server. Then the data analysis server can use the proposed fuel consumption estimation method to estimate the fuel consumption based on driver behaviours without fuel sensors for cost savings. The proposed fuel consumption estimation method is designed based on a genetic algorithm which can generate gene sequences and use crossover and mutation for retrieving an adaptable gene sequence. The adaptable gene sequence can be applied as the set of fuel consumption in accordance with the pattern of driver behaviour. The practical experimental results indicated that the accuracy of the proposed fuel consumption estimation method was about 95.87%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9070105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T10:27:31Z","timestamp":1499077651000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fuel Consumption Estimation System and Method with Lower Cost"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chi-Lun","family":"Lo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication Laboratories, Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 326, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Transportation and Logistics Management, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7668-7425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication Laboratories, Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 326, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ta-Sheng","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication Laboratories, Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 326, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuen-Rong","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication Laboratories, Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 326, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsun-Jung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transportation and Logistics Management, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Iodice, P., and Senatore, A. (2013, January 3\u20135). Road transport emission inventory in a regional area by using experimental two-wheelers emission factors. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Chan, S.Y. (2017, February 02). The Basic Information of Truck Freight Transportation. Available online: https:\/\/goo.gl\/7zZ9ZY."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Chan, S.Y. (2017, February 02). The Basic Information of Bus Transportation. Available online: https:\/\/goo.gl\/hJnzXe."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-014-0741-6","article-title":"Exhaust emissions of new high-performance motorcycles in hot and cold conditions","volume":"12","author":"Iodice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iodice, P., and Senatore, A. (2012). Analysis of a Scooter Emission Behavior in Cold and Hot Conditions: Modelling and Experimental Investigations, Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0881.","DOI":"10.4271\/2012-01-0881"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"235","article-title":"Investigation of real-time fuel consumption measuring system","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hybrid Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2015.0168","article-title":"Vehicle routing in urban areas based on the oil consumption weight-Dijkstra algorithm","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.02.103","article-title":"Real-world fuel consumption and CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions by driving conditions for light-duty passenger vehicles in China","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Chang, C.W., Kuo, Y.C., Tsai, Y.Y., and Kuo, Y.L. (2016). Vehicle Fuel Consumption Detection System and Detection Method. (CN105,628,125), Patent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2016.09.001","article-title":"Can feedback from in-vehicle data recorders improve driver behavior and reduce fuel consumption","volume":"94","author":"Toledo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2015.04.003","article-title":"Influential vectors in fuel consumption by an urban bus operator: Bus route, driver behavior or vehicle type","volume":"38","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2014.2328673","article-title":"Driver behavior profiling using smartphones: A low-cost platform for driver monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Castignani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Yao, H.H., Kuo, Y.C., and Shang, T.J. (2013). Method for Calculating Fuel Consumption during Driving and Driving Fuel Consumption Calculation System. (20,130,253,813), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Maga\u00f1a, V.C., and Organero, M.M. (2012, January 3\u20135). GATSF: Genetic algorithm to save fuel. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Berlin, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, Y., and Chen, W. (2016, January 14\u201316). A personalized route search method based on joint driving and vehicular behavior recognition. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEE-IWS.2016.7585488"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.06.1077","article-title":"How simplifying urban driving cycles influence fuel consumption estimation?","volume":"48","author":"Rocha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00175354","article-title":"A genetic algorithm tutorial","volume":"4","author":"Whitley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stat. Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2015.05.007","article-title":"Comparative study of PEM fuel cell parameter extraction using genetic algorithm","volume":"6","author":"Rajasekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.3390\/s150101245","article-title":"A high fuel consumption efficiency management scheme for PHEVs using an adaptive genetic algorithm","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Google (2005). Google Maps, Google Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/maps.google.com."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"The Telecommunication Laboratories (2007). Chunghwa GeoWeb Service, The Telecommunication Laboratories, Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd.. Available online: http:\/\/demo.map.hinet.net\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"The Telecommunication Laboratories (2014). eFMS (e-Fleet Management Service), The Telecommunication Laboratories, Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd.. Available online: http:\/\/efms.hinet.net\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Scrucca, L. (2017, June 26). Package \u2018GA\u2019, the Comprehensive R Archive Network. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/GA\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"The Bureau of Energy (2017, March 09). Fuel Economy Guide, Available online: https:\/\/goo.gl\/YpgQ9Q."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/9\/7\/105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:41:16Z","timestamp":1760208076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/9\/7\/105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["sym9070105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym9070105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]}}}