{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T01:03:39Z","timestamp":1775610219156,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Local Lorentz invariance is an important component of General Relativity. Testing for Local Lorentz invariance can not only probe the foundation stone of General Relativity but also help to explore the unified theory for General Relativity and quantum mechanics. In this paper, we search the Local Lorentz invariance violation associated with operators of mass dimension     d = 6     in the pure-gravity sector with short-range gravitational experiments. To enlarge the Local Lorentz invariance violation signal effectively, we design a new experiment in which the constraints of all fourteen violation coefficients may be improved by about one order of magnitude.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9100219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T10:34:29Z","timestamp":1507631669000},"page":"219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Experimental Design for Testing Local Lorentz Invariance Violations in Gravity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ya-Fen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jie","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Gang","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1:38","DOI":"10.3390\/universe1010038","article-title":"Editorial for the Special Issue 100 Years of Chronogeometrodynamics: The Status of the Einstein\u2019s Theory of Gravitation in Its Centennial Year","volume":"1","author":"Iorio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Universe"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23:1","DOI":"10.3390\/universe2040023","article-title":"General Relativity and Cosmology: Unsolved Questions and Future Directions","volume":"2","author":"Debono","year":"2016","journal-title":"Universe"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.12942\/lrr-2013-5","article-title":"Quantum Spacetime Phenomenology","volume":"16","year":"2013","journal-title":"Living Rev. Relativ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.39.683","article-title":"Spontaneous Breaking of Lorentz Symmetry in String Theory","volume":"39","author":"Samuel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"545","article-title":"CPT and Strings","volume":"B359","author":"Potting","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.51.3923","article-title":"CPT, Strings, and Meson Factories","volume":"51","author":"Potting","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"105009:1","article-title":"Gravity, Lorentz Violation, and the Standard Model","volume":"69","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.74.045001","article-title":"Signals for Lorentz Violation in Post-Newtonian Gravity","volume":"74","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5:1","DOI":"10.12942\/lrr-2005-5","article-title":"Modern Tests of Lorentz Invariance","volume":"8","author":"Mattingly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Living. Rev. Relativ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4:1","DOI":"10.12942\/lrr-2014-4","article-title":"The confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment","volume":"17","author":"Will","year":"2014","journal-title":"Living. Rev. Relativ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111:1","DOI":"10.3390\/sym8110111","article-title":"The Standard-Model Extension and Gravitational Tests","volume":"8","author":"Tasson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30:1","DOI":"10.3390\/universe2040030","article-title":"Tests of Lorentz Symmetry in the Gravitational Sector","volume":"2","author":"Hees","year":"2016","journal-title":"Universe"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29:1","DOI":"10.3390\/universe2040029","article-title":"Experimental Studies on the Lorentz Symmetry in Post-Newtonian Gravity with Pulsars","volume":"2","author":"Shao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Universe"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175007:1","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/29\/17\/175007","article-title":"Orbital effects of Lorentz-Violating Standard Model Extension Gravitomagnetism around a Static Body: A Sensitivity Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Iorio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Gravity"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"27360:1","article-title":"Conservation Laws and Preferred Frames in Relativistic Gravity. I: Preferred-Frame Theories and an Extended PPN Formalism","volume":"284","author":"Will","year":"1972","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"165019:1","article-title":"A New Limit on Local Lorentz Invariance Violation of Gravity from Solitary Pulsars","volume":"30","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Gravity"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"11","article-title":"Data Tables for Lorentz and CPT Violation","volume":"83","author":"Russellb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Modern Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"044004:1","article-title":"Time Delay and Doppler Tests of the Lorentz Symmetry of Gravity","volume":"D80","author":"Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"010402:1","article-title":"Prospects for Large Relativity Violations in Matter-Gravity Couplings","volume":"102","author":"Tasson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18:1","DOI":"10.1088\/0067-0049\/192\/2\/18","article-title":"Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe(WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation","volume":"192","author":"Komatsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031101:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.031101","article-title":"Atom-Interferometry Tests of the Isotropy of Post-Newtonian Gravity","volume":"100","author":"Muller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241301:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.241301","article-title":"Testing Lorentz symmetry with Lunar Laser Ranging","volume":"117","author":"Bourgoin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2015.08.060","article-title":"Constraints on Lorentz Violation from Gravitational \u010c Erenkov Radiation","volume":"749","author":"Tasson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111103:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.112.111103","article-title":"Tests of Local Lorentz Invariance Violation of Gravity in the Standard Model Extension with Pulsars","volume":"112","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071102:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.071102","article-title":"Combined Search for Lorentz Violation in Short-Range Gravity","volume":"117","author":"Shao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081101:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.081101","article-title":"Test of the Gravitational Inverse Square Law at Millimeter Ranges","volume":"108","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131101:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.131101","article-title":"New Test of the Gravitational Inverse-Square Law at the Submillimeter Range with Dual Modulation and Compensation","volume":"116","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"092003:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.91.092003","article-title":"Search for Lorentz Violation in Short-Range Gravity","volume":"91","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104061:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.94.104061","article-title":"Enhanced Sensitivity to Lorentz Invariance Violations in Short-Range Gravity Experiments","volume":"94","author":"Shao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022006:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.91.022006","article-title":"Short-Range Gravity and Lorentz Violation","volume":"91","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6760","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.55.6760","article-title":"CPT Violation and the Standard Model","volume":"55","author":"Colladay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116002:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.58.116002","article-title":"Lorentz-violating extension of the standard model","volume":"58","author":"Colladay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125008:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.68.125008","article-title":"Probing Lorentz and CPT violation with space-based experiments","volume":"68","author":"Bluhm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"090801:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.090801","article-title":"Clock-Comparison Tests of Lorentz and CPT Symmetry in Space","volume":"88","author":"Bluhm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"056005:1","article-title":"Signals for Lorentz Violation in Electrodynamics","volume":"66","author":"Mewes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1818:1","article-title":"Sensitivity of CPT Tests with Neutral Mesons","volume":"80","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2016.12.062","article-title":"Testing Local Lorentz Invariance with Short-Range Gravity","volume":"766","author":"Mewes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102007:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.91.102007","article-title":"Search for Lorentz Invariance Violation through Tests of the Gravitational Inverse Square Law at Short Ranges","volume":"91","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/9\/10\/219\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:46:50Z","timestamp":1760208410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/9\/10\/219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["sym9100219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym9100219","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]}}}