{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:14:49Z","timestamp":1777367689644,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]],"date-time":"2017-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Had magnetic monopoles been ubiquitous as electrons are, we would probably have had a different form of matter, and power plants based on currents of these magnetic charges would have been a familiar scene of modern technology. Magnetic dipoles do exist, however, and in principle one could wonder if we can use them to generate magnetic currents. In the present work, we address the issue of generating magnetic currents and magnetic thermal currents in electrically-insulating low-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnets by invoking the (broken) electricity-magnetism duality symmetry. The ground state of these materials is a spin-liquid state that can be described well via the Jordan\u2013Wigner fermions, which permit an easy definition of the magnetic particle and thermal currents. The magnetic and magnetic thermal conductivities are calculated in the present work using the bond\u2013mean field theory. The spin-liquid states in these antiferromagnets are either gapless or gapped liquids of spinless fermions whose flow defines a current just as the one defined for electrons in a Fermi liquid. The driving force for the magnetic current is a magnetic field with a gradient along the magnetic conductor. We predict the generation of a magneto-motive force and realization of magnetic circuits using low-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnets. The present work is also about claiming that what the experiments in spintronics attempt to do is trying to treat the magnetic degrees of freedoms on the same footing as the electronic ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9100225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]],"date-time":"2017-10-13T11:34:09Z","timestamp":1507894449000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Magnetic Transport in Spin Antiferromagnets for Spintronics Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Azzouz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Laurentian University, Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziese, M., and Thornton, M.J. (2001). Spin Electronics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45258-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/35066533","article-title":"Electrical spin injection and accumulation at room temperature in an all-metal mesoscopic spin valve","volume":"410","author":"Jedema","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099388","article-title":"How to create a spin current","volume":"307","author":"Sharma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00388","article-title":"The universal definition of spin current","volume":"2","author":"An","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.72.245305","article-title":"Definition of the spin current: The angular spin current and its physical consequences","volume":"72","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5334","article-title":"Spin current generated by thermally driven ultrafast demagnetization","volume":"5","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6136","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.48.6136","article-title":"Interchain-coupling effect on the one-dimensional spin-1\/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model","volume":"48","author":"Bock","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054410","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.64.054410","article-title":"Generalization of the Jordan-Wigner transformation in three dimensions and its application to the Heisenberg bilayer antiferromagnet","volume":"64","author":"Azzouz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/41\/9\/001","article-title":"Magnetic monopoles in gauge field theories","volume":"41","author":"Goddard","year":"1978","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094433","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.72.094433","article-title":"Spin locking and freezing phenomena in the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model on the three-leg ladder","volume":"72","author":"Azzouz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174422","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.74.174422","article-title":"Field-induced quantum criticality in low-dimensional Heisenberg spin systems","volume":"74","author":"Azzouz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3895","article-title":"One-dimensional spinon spin currents","volume":"13","author":"Hirobe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01331938","article-title":"On Pauli\u2019s Equivalence-Prohibition (Uber das Paulische Aquivalenzverbot)","volume":"47","author":"Jordan","year":"1928","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A640","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.135.A640","article-title":"Linear magnetic chains with anisotropic coupling","volume":"135","author":"Bonner","year":"1964","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.32.4703","article-title":"Spin chains in a field: Crossover from quantum to classical behavior","volume":"32","author":"Parkinson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Aschroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D. (1976). Solid State Physics, Saunders College Publishing."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11029","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.55.11029","article-title":"Transport and conservation laws","volume":"55","author":"Zotos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020405(R)","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.81.020405","article-title":"Ballistic heat transport of quantum spin excitations as seen in SrCuO2","volume":"81","author":"Hlubek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P03006","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2012\/03\/P03006","article-title":"Spinon heat transport and spin\u2013phonon interaction in the spin-1\/2 Heisenberg chain cuprates Sr2CuO3 and SrCuO2","volume":"2012","author":"Hlubek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Mech. Theory Exp."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2007-00363-8","article-title":"Heat conduction in low-dimensional quantum magnets","volume":"151","author":"Hess","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182509","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2199473","article-title":"Conversion of spin current into charge current at room temperature: Inverse spin-hall effect","volume":"88","author":"Saitoh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/9\/10\/225\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:47:12Z","timestamp":1760208432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/9\/10\/225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["sym9100225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym9100225","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201709.0024.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]}}}