{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:41:08Z","timestamp":1760236868184,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, Internet-of-Things technology (IoT) has been the subject of research in diverse fields of applications. IoT plays an essential role in transitioning enterprises towards a more interconnected paradigm of manufacturing, logistics, services, and business, known as Industry 4.0. This paper presents an operational concept for a system that implements IoT technology in pallets, which are used to move products along supply chains. These sensors will help us gain insight into the conditions experienced by products and unit loads. Having this capability will allow us to obtain the information necessary for better control of product distribution along the supply chain, and to design packaging that is more efficient and effective in protecting products during distribution. In this paper, we show how Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) can be leveraged to create models that capture the required system behaviors, and we address the complexity of an IoT system within the domain of packaging and logistics applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T23:29:07Z","timestamp":1640906947000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Design of an IoT System for the Palletized Distribution Supply Chain with Model-Based Systems Engineering Tools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1141-7376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5714-1662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laszlo","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9378-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Salado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/pts.840","article-title":"Generating road vibration test schedules from pavement profiles for packaging optimization","volume":"21","author":"Rouillard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Packag. Technol. Sci. Int. J."},{"unstructured":"Bj\u00e4rnemo, R., J\u00f6nson, G., and Johnsson, M. (2000, January 28\u201330). Packaging Logistics in Product Development. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Integrated Manufacturing (ICCIM), Singapore.","key":"ref_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, G.D. (2008). Reverse Logistics, Green Logistics, and Packaging. Logistics Engineering Handbook, CRC Press.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420088571"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9701.2007.01009.x","article-title":"How Do Differing Standards Increase Trade Costs? The Case of Pallets","volume":"30","author":"Raballand","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Econ."},{"unstructured":"Freedonia Group (2018, April 04). Pallets: US Industry Study with Forecasts for 2019 to 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.freedoniagroup.com.","key":"ref_5"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"8","article-title":"Pallets Move The World: The Case for Developing System-Based Designs for Unit Loads","volume":"55","author":"White","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.02.016","article-title":"Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges","volume":"10","author":"Miorandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624839","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/624839","article-title":"Intelligent supply chain integration and management based on cloud of things","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-11-2014-0294","article-title":"An Intelligent Tracking system based on internet of things for coldchain","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130303","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2013.0303","article-title":"Remote quality monitoring in the banana chain","volume":"372","author":"Jedermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263218","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/263218","article-title":"Towards a traceability system based on RFID technology to check the content of pallets within electronic devices supply chain","volume":"2013","author":"Angulo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/pts.827","article-title":"On the effects of sampling parameters when surveying distribution vibrations","volume":"21","author":"Rouillard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Packag. Technol. Sci. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/pts.2533","article-title":"The effect of pallet top deck stiffness on the compression strength of asymmetrically supported corrugated boxes","volume":"33","author":"Quesenberry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Packag. Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4236\/me.2017.82009","article-title":"Effectiveness of Systems Engineering Techniques on New Product Development: Results from Interview Research at Corning Incorporated","volume":"8","author":"Vanek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.2993377","article-title":"Bioanalytical Device Design With Model-Based Systems Engineering Tools","volume":"14","author":"Evin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salado, A. (2018, January 1\u20133). An elemental decomposition of systems engineering. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering, Rome, Italy.","key":"ref_16","DOI":"10.1109\/SysEng.2018.8544457"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2011.2106495","article-title":"Model-Based Systems Engineering: An emerging approach for modern systems","volume":"42","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev."},{"unstructured":"Friedenthal, S., Moore, A., and Steiner, R. (2015). A Practical Guide to SysML: The Systems Modeling Language, Morgan Kaufmann. [3rd ed.].","key":"ref_18"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hause, M., Hummell, J., and Grelier, F. (2018, January 19\u201322). MBSE driven IoT for smarter cities. Proceedings of the 2018 13th System of Systems Engineering Conference (SoSE), Paris, France.","key":"ref_19","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSOSE.2018.8428705"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salado, A., and Wach, P. (2019). Constructing True Model-Based Requirements in SysML. Systems, 7.","key":"ref_20","DOI":"10.3390\/systems7020019"},{"unstructured":"Wach, P., and Salado, A. (2020, January 19\u201321). The Need for Semantic Extension of SysML to Model the Problem Space. Proceedings of the Conference on Systems Engineering Research (CSER), Redondo Beach, CA, USA.","key":"ref_21"},{"unstructured":"Chesley, J., Larson, W., McQuade, M., and Menrad, R.J. (2014). Concept of Operations & System Operational Architecture Introduction. Applied Space Systems Engineering, CEI Publications. [2nd ed.].","key":"ref_22"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.5937\/fmet1703382F","article-title":"Measuring the mechanical and climatic conditions encountered by palletized products in handling and transport","volume":"45","author":"Fragassa","year":"2017","journal-title":"FME Trans."},{"unstructured":"International Safety and Transit Association (2018). ISTA\u2019s Requirements for Measuring: Atmospheric, Shock\/Impacts and Drops, Vehicle Vibration, International Safety and Transit Association.","key":"ref_24"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/10\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:55:52Z","timestamp":1760169352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/10\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["systems10010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems10010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]}}}