{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:53:16Z","timestamp":1760151196281,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the field of systems thinking, there are far too many opinioned frameworks and far too few empirical studies. This could be described as a \u201cgap\u201d in the research but it is more like a dearth in the research. More theory and empirical validation of theory are needed if the field and the phenomenon of systems thinking holds promise and not just popularity. This validation comes in the form of both basic (existential) and applied (efficacy) research studies. This article presents efficacy data for a set of empirical studies of DSRP Theory. According to Cabrera, Cabrera, and Midgley, DSRP Theory has equal or more empirical evidence supporting it than any existing systems theories (including frameworks, which are not theories). Four separate studies show highly statistically relevant findings for the effect of a short (less than one minute) treatment of D, S, R, and P. Subjects\u2019 cognitive complexity and the systemic nature of their thinking increased in all four studies. These findings indicate that even a short treatment in DSRP is effective in increasing systems thinking skills. Based on these results, a longer, more in-depth treatment\u2014such as a one hour or semester long training, such is the norm\u2014would therefore likely garner transformative results and efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10020029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:40:38Z","timestamp":1646599238000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The \u201cFish Tank\u201d Experiments: Metacognitive Awareness of Distinctions, Systems, Relationships, and Perspectives (DSRP) Significantly Increases Cognitive Complexity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3981-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell Institute for Public Affairs, SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"},{"name":"Cabrera Research Lab, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2863-7885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell Institute for Public Affairs, SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"},{"name":"Cabrera Research Lab, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4104-6948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cabrera Research Lab, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cabrera, D. (2006). Systems Thinking, Cornell University."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabrera, D., Cabrera, L., and Midgley, G. (2022). The Four Waves of Systems Thinking. 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