{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T04:37:58Z","timestamp":1764304678909,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Research and Development Project in Key Areas of Guangdong Province","award":["2019B090913001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B090913001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Social welfare and profit are two main factors to be included in the operational goal of bus services. It is assumed that conventional bus services are \u201cwelfare pro\u201d with more consideration of social welfare, while customized bus services are \u201cprofit pro\u201d with more consideration of profit, and the goal of each bus service is to maximize the overall payoffs, namely, the weighted sum of social welfare and profit. A bi-level pricing game is proposed to shed light on the impact of two bus services\u2019 pricing competition on the payoffs when the operational objectives with different weights of social welfare are adopted. A case study shows that the pricing strategies of conventional bus services have a significant impact on the customized bus services. The customized bus operator should consider more \u201csocial welfare\u201d to attract customers and to achieve the overall payoffs when the conventional bus service takes a high price strategy, and the customized bus operator can take a strategy of a high price to maintain its overall payoffs when the conventional bus operator maximizes the social welfare. It is found that there exists a trade-off by which both sides obtain the balanced overall payoffs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10030055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T02:14:39Z","timestamp":1650939279000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pricing Game between Customized Bus and Conventional Bus with Combined Operational Objectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoman","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bicen","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2015.02.004","article-title":"Analysis of a new public-transport-service concept: Customized bus in China","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. 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