{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T03:07:20Z","timestamp":1773112040251,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["17CTJ012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17CTJ012"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["JYXMXZD2022002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYXMXZD2022002"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["2020LY093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020LY093"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["2021LZ33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021LZ33"]}]},{"name":"Key Teaching and Research Projects of Ningbo University","award":["17CTJ012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17CTJ012"]}]},{"name":"Key Teaching and Research Projects of Ningbo University","award":["JYXMXZD2022002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYXMXZD2022002"]}]},{"name":"Key Teaching and Research Projects of Ningbo University","award":["2020LY093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020LY093"]}]},{"name":"Key Teaching and Research Projects of Ningbo University","award":["2021LZ33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021LZ33"]}]},{"name":"Statistical Scientific Key Research Project of China","award":["17CTJ012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17CTJ012"]}]},{"name":"Statistical Scientific Key Research Project of China","award":["JYXMXZD2022002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYXMXZD2022002"]}]},{"name":"Statistical Scientific Key Research Project of China","award":["2020LY093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020LY093"]}]},{"name":"Statistical Scientific Key Research Project of China","award":["2021LZ33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021LZ33"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A teaching model is a stable teaching procedure established under the guidance of certain teaching ideas or theories. As a methodological major in higher education, economic statistics cross various fields of natural science and social science, showing the characteristics of intersection, integration, and marginality. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) framework for teaching model evaluation based on heterogeneous information. First, the attribute system of competition\u2013academic research\u2013master of knowledge\u2013practical operation (CAMP) is constructed. Second, heterogeneous information is introduced in the process of teaching model evaluation; Third, a weight determination method based on a trust relationship of the fuzzy\u2013social network is proposed, which provides a better solution to the problem of decision makers\u2019 (DMs\u2019) weight allocation in teaching model evaluation. Furthermore, a combined attribute weights determination method under an intuitionistic fuzzy number is constructed, which improves the shortcomings of the weight method in teaching model evaluation. Finally, through empirical research and stability analysis, the proposed evaluation framework has good effectiveness and feasibility, and policy suggestions for improvements to the economic statistical teaching model are then proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10040086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T22:50:23Z","timestamp":1656283823000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Heterogeneous Information-Based Multi-Attribute Decision Making Framework for Teaching Model Evaluation in Economic Statistics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Weihua","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Statistics and Mathematics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7435-0260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Statistics and Mathematics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chonghui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Statistics and Mathematics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3604-0843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shouzhen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wangxiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2021.1909702","article-title":"The student evaluation of teaching and likability: What the evaluations actually measure","volume":"47","author":"Clayson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assess. Eval. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2019.1592140","article-title":"Teaching modes and social-epistemological dimensions in medical Massive Open Online Courses: Lessons for integration in campus education","volume":"41","author":"Hendriks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12123","article-title":"Conceptualising the role of information and communication technologies in the design of higher education teaching models used in the UK","volume":"46","author":"Caird","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2016.1193119","article-title":"Psychometric quality of a student evaluation of teaching survey in higher education","volume":"42","author":"Oon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Assess. Eval. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bruce, J., Marsha, W., and Emily, C. (2008). Model of Teaching, Pearson Education."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1530","article-title":"O-CDIO: Emphasizing design thinking in CDIO engineering cycle","volume":"32","author":"Taajamaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22345","article-title":"Investigating learning outcomes in engineering education with data mining","volume":"28","author":"Mahboob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.33225\/jbse\/18.17.812","article-title":"Development of CDSR teaching model to improve science process skills of pre-service physics teachers","volume":"17","author":"Limataha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Balt. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.1340210103","article-title":"Continuing medical education, needs assessment, and program development: Theoretical constructs","volume":"21","author":"Aherne","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Contin. Educ. Health Prof."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"100324","article-title":"Curriculum evaluation of tourism undergraduate programs in Turkey: A CIPP model-based framework","volume":"29","author":"Tuna","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Leis. Sport Tour. Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"273","article-title":"Applying the Context, Input, Process, Product Evaluation Model for Evaluation, Research, and Redesign of an Online Master\u2019s Program","volume":"14","author":"Tokmak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Open Distrib. Learn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-016-0432-0","article-title":"An integrated strategy for the analysis of student evaluation of teaching: From descriptive measures to explanatory models","volume":"51","author":"Parrella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10799-019-00305-0","article-title":"Integrating COBIT with a hybrid group decision-making approach for a business-aligned IT roadmap formulation","volume":"21","author":"Alaeddini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.01.031","article-title":"A three-way decision method based on Gaussian kernel in a hybrid information system with images: An application in medical diagnosis","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"219","article-title":"Social network analysis: Methods and applications","volume":"91","author":"Wolfe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Contemp. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2018.11.020","article-title":"A trust propagation and collaborative filtering based method for incomplete information in social network group decision making with type-2 linguistic trust","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121414","article-title":"Social network multiple-criteria decision-making approach for evaluating unmanned ground delivery vehicles under the Pythagorean fuzzy environment","volume":"175","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s40815-021-01193-9","article-title":"A Fuzzy-Social Network Multi-criteria Group Decision-Making Framework for Selection of Renewable Energy Project: A Case of China","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2020.101786","article-title":"Pedagogical considerations for the teaching of evaluation","volume":"79","author":"Lovato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eval. Program Plan."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654313496870","article-title":"On the validity of student evaluation of teaching: The state of the art","volume":"83","author":"Spooren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2016.08.007","article-title":"Meta-analysis of faculty\u2019s teaching effectivess: Student evaluation of teaching ratings and student learning are not related","volume":"54","author":"Uttl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. Educ. Eval."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2022.101915","article-title":"Spreading knowledge and technology: Research efficiency at universities based on the three-stage MCDM-NRSDEA method with bootstrapping","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Innovations on Educational Reform of Economic Statistics","volume":"27","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2016.1277160","article-title":"The Current Landscape of Teaching Analytics to Business Students at Institutions of Higher Education: Who is Teaching What?","volume":"71","author":"Phelps","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1198\/tast.2011.09111","article-title":"AP Statistics: Building Bridges Between High School and College Statistics Education","volume":"65","author":"Franklin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, S.Z., Pan, Y., and Jin, H.H. (2022). Online Teaching Quality Evaluation of Business Statistics Course Utilizing Fermatean Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process with Aggregation Operator. Systems, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10030063"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-018-1946-8","article-title":"On the Use of Student Evaluation of Teaching: A Longitudinal Analysis Combining Measurement Issues and Implications of the Exercise","volume":"142","author":"Sulis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solaiman, B., Gueriot, D., Almouahed, S., Alsahwa, B., and Bosse, E. (2021). A New Hybrid Possibilistic-Probabilistic Decision-Making Scheme for Classification. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23010067"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"269","article-title":"The development and reform of social-economic statistics education","volume":"5","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educ. Educ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Wang, Z.G., and Xu, Z.P. (2015, January 27\u201328). Research on the paths of talents\u2019 training in economic statistics major of colleges and universities. Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Conference on Creative Education, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0255(75)90036-5","article-title":"The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1975","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(95)00107-7","article-title":"A model of consensus in group decision making under linguistic assessments","volume":"78","author":"Herrera","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(86)80034-3","article-title":"Intuitionistic fuzzy sets","volume":"20","author":"Atanassov","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(98)00244-9","article-title":"Distances between intuitionistic fuzzy sets","volume":"114","author":"Szmidt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Intuitionistic Fuzzy Aggregation Operators","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2021.106579","article-title":"IOWLAD-based MCDM model for the site assessment of a household waste processing plant under a Pythagorean fuzzy environment","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monroe, T., Beruvides, M., and Tercero-Gomez, V. (2020). Derivation and Application of the Subjective-Objective Probability Relationship from Entropy: The Entropy Decision Risk Model (EDRM). Systems, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems8040046"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146026","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/146026","article-title":"Hybrid Multiattribute Group Decision Making Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Information and GRA Method","volume":"2013","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Isrn Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114586","article-title":"A Two-stage subgroup Decision-making method for processing Large-scale information","volume":"171","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-021-05658-9","article-title":"A new decision-making model using complex intuitionistic fuzzy Hamacher aggregation operators","volume":"25","author":"Akram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1007\/s40815-019-00768-x","article-title":"Multicriteria Group Decision-Making for Supplier Selection Based on Intuitionistic Cubic Fuzzy Aggregation Operators","volume":"22","author":"Muneeza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.08.017","article-title":"Generalized intuitionistic fuzzy interactive geometric interaction operators using Einstein t-norm and t-conorm and their application to decision making","volume":"101","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2021.3086766","article-title":"Relationship Between Professional Competencies Required by Engineering Students According to ABET and CDIO and Teaching-Learning Techniques","volume":"65","author":"Forcael","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Educ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H., You, J., and Xu, T. (2021). Evaluation of Online Teaching Quality: An Extended Linguistic MAGDM Framework Based on Risk Preferences and Unknown Weight Information. Symmetry, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13020192"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/03057267.2021.1933354","article-title":"The effects of flipped classrooms on K-16 students\u2019 science and math achievement: A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Wright","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-018-9834-z","article-title":"Flipped a college mathematics classroom: An action research project","volume":"24","author":"Amstelveen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2012.711301","article-title":"Blending teaching and learning: A two-way systems approach","volume":"32","author":"Hamilton","year":"2013","journal-title":"High. Educ. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v15i19.17411","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of music course teaching level based on improved multi-attribute fuzzy evaluation model","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.8b00940","article-title":"Combining Inquiry-Based and Team-Teaching Models to Design a Research-Driven, Cross-Disciplinary Laboratory Course","volume":"96","author":"Jeremy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16504","DOI":"10.2196\/16504","article-title":"Blended Learning Compared to Traditional Learning in Medical Education: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Vallee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2015.1054793","article-title":"A Bayesian hierarchical model for comparative evaluation teaching quality indicators in higher education","volume":"43","author":"Fouskakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Stat."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/10\/4\/86\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:38:22Z","timestamp":1760139502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/10\/4\/86"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["systems10040086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems10040086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]}}}