{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:03:00Z","timestamp":1760230980463,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Estimation is an essential step of software development project planning that has a significant impact on project success\u2014underestimation often leads to problems with the delivery or even causes project failure. An important aspect that the classical estimation methods are usually missing is the Agile nature of development processes in the implementation phase. The estimation method proposed in this article aims at software development projects implemented by Scrum teams with differentiated specializations. The method is based on the authors\u2019 system of working-time balance equations and the approach to measuring project scope with time-based units\u2014normalized development estimates. In order to reduce efforts spent on the estimation itself, an analysis of dependencies among project tasks is not mandatory. The outputs of the methods are not recommended to be treated as commitments; instead, they are supposed to be used to inform project stakeholders about the forecasted duration of a potential project. The method is simple enough to allow even an inexpensive spreadsheet-based implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10040123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T22:53:30Z","timestamp":1660776810000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Method of Software Development Project Duration Estimation for Scrum Teams with Differentiated Specializations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5974-9310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasyl","family":"Teslyuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automated Control Systems, Computer Science and Information Technologies Institute, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7650-7383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anatoliy","family":"Batyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automated Control Systems, Computer Science and Information Technologies Institute, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7889-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volodymyr","family":"Voityshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automated Control Systems, Computer Science and Information Technologies Institute, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Naval Weapons, United States, Special Projects Office (1958). Program Evaluation Research Task PERT Summary Report: Phase 1, Special Projects Office, Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the Navy."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, J.E., and Walker, M.R. (1959, January 1\u20133). Critical-Path Planning and Scheduling. Proceedings of the Eastern Joint IRE-AIEE-ACM Computer Conference, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1460299.1460318"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Albrecht, A.J. (1979, January 14\u201317). Measuring Application Development Productivity. Proceedings of the IBM Applications Development Symposium, Monterey, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Boehm, B.W. (1981). Software Engineering Economics, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1984.5010193","article-title":"Software Engineering Economics","volume":"SE-10","author":"Boehm","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Boehm, B.W., Abts, C., Clark, B.K., Devnani-Chulani, S., Horowitz, E., Madachy, R.J., Reifer, D.J., and Steece, B. (1995). COCOMO II Model Definition Manual, Version 2.1, Center for Software Engineering, The University of Southern California."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Boehm, B.W., Abts, C., Brown, A.W., Devnani-Chulani, S., Clark, B.K., Horowitz, E., Madachy, R.J., Reifer, D.J., and Steece, B. (2000). Software Cost Estimation with COCOMO II, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"22","article-title":"Planning Poker or How to Avoid Analysis Paralysis While Release Planning","volume":"3","author":"Grenning","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hawthorn Woods Renaiss. Softw. Consult."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Project Management Institute (2017). Project Management Institute, A Guide To The Project Management Body Of Knowledge (PMBOK-Guide), Project Management Institute. [6th ed.]. PMBOK\u00ae Guide."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Batyuk, A., and Voityshyn, V. (2020, January 12\u201313). Process Mining-Based Information Technology for Operational Support of Software Projects Estimation. Proceedings of the XVI International Scientific Conference on Intellectual Systems of Decision-Making and Problems of Computational Intelligence (ISDMCI\u20192020), Gliwice, Poland."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Pritsker, A.A.B. (1966). GERT: Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique, Rand Corp.. RM-4973-NASA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1978.231521","article-title":"A General Empirical Solution to the Macro Software Sizing and Estimating Problem","volume":"SE-4","author":"Putnam","year":"1978","journal-title":"IIEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Putnam, L.H., and Myers, W. (1992). Measures for Excellence: Reliable Software on Time, Within Budget, Yourdon Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.33545\/27068919.2020.v2.i4h.447","article-title":"The Review of Software Cost Estimation Model: SLIM","volume":"2","author":"Ghafory","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Acad. Stud."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"9","article-title":"Resource Estimation for Objectory Projects","volume":"17","author":"Karner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Object. Syst. SF AB"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"21","article-title":"A New Software Metric to Complement Function Points: The Software Non-Functional Assessment Process (SNAP)","volume":"26","author":"Tichenor","year":"2013","journal-title":"CrossTalk J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"9","article-title":"Study on Agile Story Point Estimation Techniques and Challenges","volume":"174","author":"Mallidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effort Estimation in Agile Software Development Using Story Points","volume":"3","author":"Coelho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"612","article-title":"A Review of Agile Software Effort Estimation Methods","volume":"5","author":"Munialo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"85","article-title":"Incorporating Vital Factors in Agile Estimation through Algorithmic Method","volume":"6","author":"Bhalerao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshammari, F.H. (2022). Cost Estimate in Scrum Project with the Decision-Based Effort Estimation Technique. Soft Comput.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-022-07352-w"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.47836\/pjst.29.2.08","article-title":"A Review Article on Software Effort Estimation in Agile Methodology","volume":"29","author":"Sudarmaningtyas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pertanika J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usman, M., Mendes, E., Weidt, F., and Britto, R. (2014, January 17). Effort Estimation in Agile Software Development: A Systematic Literature Review. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Predictive Models in Software Engineering, Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2639490.2639503"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, A., Butt, W.H., Kazmi, F., and Arif, M. (2018, January 8\u201310). Survey of Software Development Effort Estimation Techniques. Proceedings of the 2018 7th International Conference on Software and Computer Applications (ICSCA 2018), Kuantan, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3185089.3185140"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Review on Software Cost and Effort Estimation Techniques for Agile Development Process","volume":"5","author":"Vyas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Res. Asp."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"183","article-title":"Using Fuzzy Logic to Improve the Project Time and Cost Estimation Based on Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)","volume":"3","author":"Habibi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nassif, A.B., Azzeh, M., Idri, A., and Abran, A. (2019). Software Development Effort Estimation Using Regression Fuzzy Models. Comput. Intell. Neurosci., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8367214"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.07.051","article-title":"A Dependent Project Evaluation and Review Technique: A Bayesian Network Approach","volume":"280","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"421","article-title":"Software Effort Estimation Using Genetic Algorithms with the Variance-Accounted-for (VAF) and the Manhattan Distance","volume":"Volume 243","author":"Karuppusamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ubiquitous Intelligent Systems; Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"10","article-title":"Early Stage Software Effort Estimation Using Random Forest Technique Based on Use Case Points","volume":"10","author":"Satapathy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inst. Eng. Technol. Softw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.3009","article-title":"Software Effort Estimation Accuracy Prediction of Machine Learning Techniques: A Systematic Performance Evaluation","volume":"52","author":"Mahmood","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trendowicz, A., and Jeffery, R. (2014). Classification of Effort Estimation Methods. Software Project Effort Estimation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03629-8"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"72","article-title":"Software Development Estimation Techniques in Industrial Contexts: An Exploratory Multiple Case-Study","volume":"3","author":"Zarour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018991717352","article-title":"Software Development Cost Estimation Approaches\u2014A Survey","volume":"10","author":"Boehm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022100","article-title":"Developmental Sequence in Small Groups","volume":"63","author":"Tuckman","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Aalst, W.M.P. (2016). Process Mining: Data Science in Action, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-49851-4"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s13740-014-0038-4","article-title":"Knowledge-Intensive Processes: Characteristics, Requirements and Analysis of Contemporary Approaches","volume":"4","author":"Marrella","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Data Semant."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"29","article-title":"Durability Challenges in Software Engineering","volume":"42","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Def. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.A., Alenezi, M., Agrawal, A., Kumar, R., and Khan, R.A. (2020). Evaluating Performance of Software Durability through an Integrated Fuzzy-Based Symmetrical Method of ANP and TOPSIS. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12040493"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1247","article-title":"Risk Management Perspective in SDLC","volume":"4","author":"Sahu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Sci. Softw. Eng."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/10\/4\/123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:11:06Z","timestamp":1760141466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/10\/4\/123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["systems10040123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems10040123","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]}}}