{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T05:14:59Z","timestamp":1768713299495,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Special Project of Shandong Social Science Planning Fund Program","award":["21CSDJ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21CSDJ03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After Shandong Province started the construction about digital infrastructure, the construction of digital infrastructure reached social consensus, promoting digital development of the province. However, it inevitably exposed problems such as non-targeted policies and uneven development levels. This study uses the non-expectation super-efficiency SBM model and kernel density estimation method to compare the digital infrastructure allocation efficiency of 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province and analyzes the spatial and temporal differences. Results show that the overall level of digital infrastructure allocation efficiency in Shandong Province shows a steady and policy-stimulated growth, but no high-value aggregation area has been formed and regional synergistic development remains to be strengthened. Recommendations are provided on four aspects: increased government expenditure, policy heterogeneity, attention to low-level construction areas, and promotion of regional synergistic development to improve the construction of digital infrastructure in Shandong and sustain its strong digital thrust.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10060205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T04:15:23Z","timestamp":1667535323000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Allocation Efficiency Measurement and Spatio-Temporal Differences Analysis of Digital Infrastructure: The Case of China\u2019s Shandong Province"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xuhui","family":"Cong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5320-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management School, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"\u0160aparauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saul\u0117tekio Al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"G\u00f3recki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miroslaw J.","family":"Skibniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Construction Engineering, ChaoYang University of Technology, 168, Jifong E. Rd., Wufong District, Taichung City 41349, Taiwan"},{"name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius 10223, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Atkinson, R.D., Castro, D., Ezell, S., McQuinn, A., and New, J. (2016). A Policymaker\u2019s Guide to Digital Infrastructure. Inf. Technol. Innov. Found. May, 3\u20135."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.01.210","article-title":"Creating a sustainable digital infrastructure: The role of service-oriented architecture","volume":"181","author":"Hustad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Urban Digital Infrastructure, Smart Cityism, and Communication: Research Challenges for Urban E-Planning","volume":"10","author":"McQuire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. E-Plan. 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