{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T05:37:32Z","timestamp":1781329052302,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Planning for the intensive use of renewable energy sources (RESs) has attracted wide attention to limit global warming and meet future load growth. Existing studies have shown that installing projects such as transmission lines, energy storage systems (ESSs), fault current limiters, and FACTs facilitate the integration of RESs into power systems. Different generation and transmission network expansion planning models have been developed in the literature; however, a planning model that manages multiple types of projects while maximizing the hosting capacity (HC) is not widely presented. In this paper, a novel planning framework is proposed to enhance and control the HC level of RESs by comparing various kinds of renewables, ESSs, fault current limiters, and FACTs to choose the right one, economically and technically. The proposed problem is formulated as a challenging mixed-integer non-linear optimization problem. To solve it, a solution methodology based on a developed decision-making approach and an improved meta-heuristic algorithm is developed. The decision-making approach aims to keep the number of decision variables as fixed as possible, regardless of the number of projects planned. While an improved war strategy optimizer that relies on the Runge-Kutta learning strategy is applied to strengthen the global search ability. The proposed decision-making approach depends primarily on grouping candidate projects that directly impact the same system state into four separate planning schemes. The first scheme relies on the impedance of devices installed in any path to optimally identify the location and size of the new circuits and the series-type FACTs. The second scheme is based on optimally determining the suitable types of ESSs. On the other hand, the third scheme optimizes the reactive power dispatched from the ESSs and shunt-type FACTs simultaneously. The fourth scheme is concerned with regulating the power dispatched from different types of RESs. All of the simulations, which were carried out on the Garver network and the 118-bus system, demonstrated the ability of the investigated model to select the appropriate projects precisely. Further, the results proved the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method in obtaining high-quality solutions in fewer runs compared to the conventional method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T04:08:07Z","timestamp":1672805287000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A New Decision-Making Strategy for Techno-Economic Assessment of Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning for Modern Power Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Refaat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Photovoltaic Cells Department, Electronics Research Institute, Cairo 11843, Egypt"},{"name":"Electrical Power Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2546-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shady H. E. Abdel","family":"Aleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Valley High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Science Valley Academy, Qalubia 44971, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousry","family":"Atia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photovoltaic Cells Department, Electronics Research Institute, Cairo 11843, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8117-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Essam El Din Aboul","family":"Zahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari, M.R., Pirouzi, S., Kazemi, M., Benbouzid, M., and Naderipour, A. (2021). Renewable Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning Coordination with Energy Storage System: A Flexibility Point of View. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083303"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3390\/systems3030081","article-title":"Simulation-Based Approach for Studying the Balancing of Local Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Batteries","volume":"3","author":"Latvakoski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Systems"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, July 13). Annual Energy Outlook Introduction\u2014Key Takeaways from the Reference Case and Side Cases\u2014U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Available online: https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/outlooks\/aeo\/narrative\/introduction\/sub-topic-01.php."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sund, L., and Talari, S. (2022). Stochastic Wind Power Generation Planning in Liberalised Electricity Markets within a Heterogeneous Landscape. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15218109"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., and Xu, Y. (2022). Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Wind Power and Load Uncertainties. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15197140"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.105460","article-title":"Transmission Expansion Planning Integrated with Wind Farms: A Review, Comparative Study, and a Novel Profound Search Approach","volume":"115","author":"Naderi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aschidamini, G.L., da Cruz, G.A., Resener, M., Ramos, M.J.S., Pereira, L.A., Ferraz, B.P., Haffner, S., and Pardalos, P.M. (2022). Expansion Planning of Power Distribution Systems Considering Reliability: A Comprehensive Review. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15062275"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.08.087","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Generation Expansion Planning: A Review","volume":"230","author":"Koltsaklis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2021.107543","article-title":"Literature Review of Transmission Expansion Planning Problem Test Systems: Detailed Analysis of IEEE-24","volume":"201","author":"Mutlu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2018.2871793","article-title":"Transmission Expansion Planning: Literature Review and Classification","volume":"13","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2020.3009435","article-title":"Convex Model for Controlled Islanding in Transmission Expansion Planning to Improve Frequency Stability","volume":"36","author":"Esmaili","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2021.107685","article-title":"Cascade-Risk-Informed Transmission Expansion Planning of AC Electric Power Systems","volume":"204","author":"Gjorgiev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.105415","article-title":"A Novel Multi-Stage Adaptive Transmission Network Expansion Planning to Countermeasure Cascading Failure Occurrence","volume":"115","author":"Armaghani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s40565-015-0137-8","article-title":"Transmission Network Expansion Planning with Embedded Constraints of Short Circuit Currents and N-1 Security","volume":"3","author":"WANG","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Refaat, M.M., Aleem, S.H.E., Atia, Y., Ali, Z.M., El-Shahat, A., and Sayed, M.M. (2021). A Mathematical Approach to Simultaneously Plan Generation and Transmission Expansion Based on Fault Current Limiters and Reliability Constraints. Mathematics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/math9212771"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, C.A., G\u00f3mez-Exp\u00f3sito, A., and Maza-Ortega, J.M. (2021). Series Compensation of Transmission Systems: A Literature Survey. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14061717"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.101345","article-title":"Techno-Economic Assessment of Energy Storage Systems Using Annualized Life Cycle Cost of Storage (LCCOS) and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) Metrics","volume":"29","author":"Mostafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4396","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2020.2987982","article-title":"Transmission Expansion Planning Including TCSCs and SFCLs: A MINLP Approach","volume":"35","author":"Esmaili","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2021.3086085","article-title":"A New Global Solver for Transmission Expansion Planning with AC Network Model","volume":"37","author":"Mehrtash","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2021.3118704","article-title":"Multi-Period AC\/DC Transmission Expansion Planning Including Shunt Compensation","volume":"37","author":"Bhattiprolu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahfoud, S., Derouich, A., Ouanjli, N.E.L., Mahfoud, M.E.L., and Taoussi, M. (2021). A New Strategy-Based Pid Controller Optimized by Genetic Algorithm for Dtc of the Doubly Fed Induction Motor. Systems, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems9020037"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schockenhoff, F., Z\u00e4hringer, M., Br\u00f6nner, M., and Lienkamp, M. (2021). Combining a Genetic Algorithm and a Fuzzy System to Optimize User Centricity in Autonomous Vehicle Concept Development. Systems, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems9020025"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almalaq, A., Alqunun, K., Refaat, M.M., Farah, A., Benabdallah, F., Ali, Z.M., and Aleem, S.H.E.A. (2022). Towards Increasing Hosting Capacity of Modern Power Systems through Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052998"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.116516","article-title":"INFO: An Efficient Optimization Algorithm Based on Weighted Mean of Vectors","volume":"195","author":"Ahmadianfar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.108320","article-title":"Snake Optimizer: A Novel Meta-Heuristic Optimization Algorithm","volume":"242","author":"Hashim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2015.12.022","article-title":"SCA: A Sine Cosine Algorithm for Solving Optimization Problems","volume":"96","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Liu, Y., and Chen, Z. (2022). Application of Sine Cosine Egret Swarm Optimization Algorithm in Gas Turbine Cooling System. Systems, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10060201"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morquecho, E.G., Torres, S.P., Matute, N.E., Astudillo-Salinas, F., Lopez, J.C., and Flores, W.C. (2020, January 26\u201328). AC Dynamic Transmission Expansion Planning Using a Hybrid Optimization Algorithm. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe), The Hague, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT-Europe47291.2020.9248898"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawa, M. (2022). Towards Avoiding Cascading Failures in Transmission Expansion Planning of Modern Active Power Systems Using Hybrid Snake-Sine Cosine Optimization Algorithm. Mathematics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/math10081323"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2018.06.012","article-title":"A Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithm for the Vehicle Routing Problem with Stochastic Demands","volume":"99","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.04.066","article-title":"A Techno-Economic Planning Model for Integrated Generation and Transmission Expansion in Modern Power Systems with Renewables and Energy Storage Using Hybrid Runge Kutta-Gradient-Based Optimization Algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Rawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2016.2547911","article-title":"Considering Carbon Capture and Storage in Electricity Generation Expansion Planning","volume":"7","author":"Saboori","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Cai, L.-J., Erlich, I., and Stamtsis, G. (2004, January 10\u201313). Optimal Choice and Allocation of FACTS Devices in Deregulated Electricity Market Using Genetic Algorithms. Proceedings of the IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2004, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2022.101803","article-title":"Optimal CONOPT Solver-Based Coordination of Bi-Directional Converters and Energy Storage Systems for Regulation of Active and Reactive Power Injection in Modern Power Networks","volume":"13","author":"Almalaq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203429","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3036381","article-title":"Transmission Expansion Planning Model Considering Battery Energy Storage, TCSC and LINEs Using AC OpF","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-022-01599-0","article-title":"Multi-Objective Chance-Constrained Transmission Congestion Management through Optimal Allocation of Energy Storage Systems and TCSC Devices","volume":"104","author":"Ansaripour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.11.042","article-title":"Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch with Uncertainties in Load Demand and Renewable Energy Sources Adopting Scenario-Based Approach","volume":"75","author":"Biswas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25073","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3153493","article-title":"War Strategy Optimization Algorithm: A New Effective Metaheuristic Algorithm for Global Optimization","volume":"10","author":"Ayyarao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115079","article-title":"RUN beyond the Metaphor: An Efficient Optimization Algorithm Based on Runge Kutta Method","volume":"181","author":"Ahmadianfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd:20060465","article-title":"Power System Transmission Network Expansion Planning Using AC Model","volume":"1","author":"Rider","year":"2007","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Zhang, H. (2013). Transmission Expansion Planning for Large Power Systems. [Ph.D. Thesis, Arizona State University]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2018.07.002","article-title":"Aiming towards Pollution Free Future by High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources in Electricity Generation Expansion Planning","volume":"104","author":"Bhuvanesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Futures"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/1\/23\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:58:26Z","timestamp":1760119106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/1\/23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["systems11010023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems11010023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]}}}