{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:30:13Z","timestamp":1767652213075,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research on the Frontier Theory, Method and Model of Agricultural Information Management","award":["123\/04701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123\/04701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the dynamics of the collaborative innovation network of China\u2019s agricultural biotechnology, from a spatial-topological perspective. The data pertain to a collection of patent applications jointly filed by universities, research institutes and enterprises on the mainland of China during 1985\u20132017. Using the logistic model, we first identify the developing phases of China\u2019s agricultural biotechnology. By dismantling the collaborative innovation network into spatial and topological networks, the dynamics are analyzed from these two dimensions at the three levels of nodes, edges and whole network. The results indicate that with the technology developing from the introduction to the growth-to-maturity phase, the collaborative innovation network exhibits dynamics as follows: as the scale expands, collaborations in the network are concentrated core cities, while dispersing to more innovators; enterprises replace universities and become the main innovation forces; the network attributes of small-world, scale-free and core-edge structures are apparent. Multi proximity factors including geographical, cognitive and organizational, play key roles in driving the dynamics, and the main factor evolves from geographical proximity to cognitive as well as organizational proximity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11020073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T05:04:48Z","timestamp":1675227888000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Dynamics of China\u2019s Collaborative Innovation Network in Agricultural Biotechnology: A Spatial-Topological Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hongkun","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China"},{"name":"Academy for County Economy Research, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China"},{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Economics and development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"376","article-title":"The space of flows","volume":"1","author":"Castells","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rise Netw. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00304.x","article-title":"Rethinking nationality in the context of globalization","volume":"14","author":"Wiley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Commun. Theory"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-008-0250-y","article-title":"Embedding network analysis in spatial studies of innovation","volume":"43","author":"Bergman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1191\/030913201682688940","article-title":"Spaces and scales of innovation","volume":"25","author":"Bunnell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120092","article-title":"The future of manufacturing: A Delphi-based scenario analysis on Industry 4.0","volume":"157","author":"Culot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/13662716.2013.791126","article-title":"Explaining the structure of inter organizational networks using exponential random graph models","volume":"20","author":"Broekel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Innov."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/13662716.2017.1343130","article-title":"Critical links in knowledge networks: What about proximities and gatekeeper organizations?","volume":"25","author":"Broekel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Innov."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2014.1001732","article-title":"The co- evolution of proximities: A network level study","volume":"49","author":"Broekel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Pyke, F., Giacomo, B., and Werner, S. (1990). Industrial Districts and Inter-Firm Co-Operation in Italy, International Institute for Labour Studies."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2307\/41166640","article-title":"Regional networks and the resurgence of Silicon Valley","volume":"33","author":"Saxenian","year":"1990","journal-title":"Calif. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4972(95)96585-H","article-title":"Breeding innovation clusters through collaborative research networks","volume":"15","author":"Liyanage","year":"1995","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"116","article-title":"The Dynamics of China\u2019s Electronic Information Industry Innovation Networks: An Empirical Research Based on SAO Model","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.06.064","article-title":"The effects of innovation alliance on network structure and density of cluster","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0275074010373803","article-title":"Exploring the role of social networks in affective organizational commitment: Network centrality, strength of ties, and structural holes","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Public Adm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1086\/590674","article-title":"Dynamics of networks if everyone strives for structural holes","volume":"114","author":"Buskens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21128","article-title":"Applying centrality measures to impact analysis: A coauthorship network analysis","volume":"60","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2010.08.012","article-title":"Exploring the network structure and nodal centrality of China\u2019s air transport network: A complex network approach","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.09.014","article-title":"The smallest of all worlds: Pollination networks","volume":"240","author":"Olesen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4514","DOI":"10.7498\/aps.59.4514","article-title":"Dynamic analysis on the topological properties of the complex network of international oil prices","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1504\/IJIL.2016.075654","article-title":"Using social network analysis to identify innovation clusters","volume":"19","author":"Breznik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Learn."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Structure and evolution of global cluster networks: Evidence from the aerospace industry","volume":"16","author":"Turkina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/10438599.2015.1081333","article-title":"Same place, same knowledge\u2013same people? The geography of non-patent citations in Dutch polymer patents","volume":"25","author":"Heinisch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Econ. Innov. New Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2021.1878933","article-title":"A brief overview of global biotechnology","volume":"35","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"39","article-title":"Impact of biotechnology and nanotechnology on future bread improvement: An overview","volume":"89","author":"Goel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8489.t01-1-00020","article-title":"World food markets into the 21st century: Environmental and resource constraints and policies","volume":"43","author":"Rosegrant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2006.05.002","article-title":"Pro-poor agricultural biotechnology: Can the international research system deliver the goods?","volume":"32","author":"Spielman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(91)90080-A","article-title":"Academic research and industrial innovation","volume":"20","author":"Mansfield","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(94)90042-6","article-title":"American universities and technical advance in industry","volume":"23","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(01)00144-5","article-title":"Innovation, collaboration and SMEs internal research capacities","volume":"31","author":"Bougrain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3","article-title":"The advent of biotechnology and technology transfer in agriculture","volume":"43","author":"Alyssa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Beuzekom, B., and Anthony, A. (2006). OECD Biotechnology Statistics-2006, OECD."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"215","article-title":"Research on the Patent Retrieval Strategy for Agricultural Biotechnology","volume":"34","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2012.07.006","article-title":"The technology life cycle: Conceptualization and managerial implications","volume":"140","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038588022001007","article-title":"Social network analysis","volume":"22","author":"Scott","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"27","article-title":"Agricultural research investment in China","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Soft-Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, J., Li, T., and Wang, Z. (2019, January 10). High-Speed Railway and Collaborative Innovation: Evidence from University Patents in China. Proceedings of the 2019 Asia Pacific Innovation Conference: Innovation in an Era of Population Aging, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3511953"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1086\/432782","article-title":"Collaboration and creativity: The small world problem","volume":"111","author":"Uzzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2009.09.003","article-title":"The impact of small world on innovation: An empirical study of 16 countries","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Informetr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1070.0289","article-title":"Small worlds and regional innovation","volume":"18","author":"Fleming","year":"2007","journal-title":"Organ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2009.10.004","article-title":"Scale-free network provides an optimal pattern for knowledge transfer","volume":"389","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"63","article-title":"Scale-free Characteristic of Technological Innovation Network Based on the Matlab Simulation","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195003","DOI":"10.1088\/1751-8113\/42\/19\/195003","article-title":"Enhancing the robustness of scale-free networks","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. A Math. Theor."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2573-x","article-title":"Growth patterns of the network of international collaboration in science","volume":"114","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientometrics"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/2\/73\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:20:55Z","timestamp":1760120455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/2\/73"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["systems11020073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems11020073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}}}