{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:34:37Z","timestamp":1773884077326,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Plan Project","award":["KYCX22_1388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_1388"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Governments frequently partner with the private sector to provide infrastructure and public services. These cooperations, known as public\u2013private partnerships (PPPs), have often failed. Sometimes, due to the problem\u2019s complexity, the public sector cannot choose the right partner for these projects, which is one of the main reasons for failures. Complexity in such problems is associated with a large number of indicators, imprecise judgments of decision-makers or problem owners, and the unpredictability of the environment (under conditions of uncertainty). Therefore, presenting a simplified algorithm for this complicated process is the primary goal of the current research so that it can consider the problem\u2019s various dimensions. While many researchers address the critical risk factors (CRFs) and others focus on key performance indicators (KPIs), this research has considered both CRFs and KPIs to choose the best private-sector partner. In addition, we used single-valued neutrosophic sets (SVNSs) to collect decision-makers\u2019 views, which can handle ambiguous, incomplete, or imprecise information. Next, by defining the ideal alternative and using the similarity measure, we specified the ranks of the alternative. Additionally, to face the uncertain environment, we examined the performance of options in four future scenarios. The steps of the proposed algorithm are explained in the form of a numerical example. The results of this research showed that by employing a simple algorithm, even people who do not have significant operations research knowledge could choose the best option by paying attention to the dimensions of the problem complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11020080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1675659550000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Simplifying the Complexity in the Problem of Choosing the Best Private-Sector Partner"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Peiyao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School of Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4961-5941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Sorourkhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Ayandegan Institute of Higher Education, Tonekabon 4681853617, Iran"}]},{"given":"Nasreen","family":"Kausar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Tonguc","family":"Cagin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics & Statistics, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyyed Ahmad","family":"Edalatpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Ayandegan Institute of Higher Education, Tonekabon 4681853617, Iran"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.08.320","article-title":"The Impact of the Partnership between the Public and Private Sectors on the Infrastructure in Iraq, with Reference to the Experience of the General Company for Iraqi Ports","volume":"61","author":"Hamid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. 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