{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T23:15:54Z","timestamp":1772838954624,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1G1A1007299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1G1A1007299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022C-605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C-605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hongik University","award":["NRF-2020R1G1A1007299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1G1A1007299"]}]},{"name":"Hongik University","award":["2022C-605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C-605"]}]},{"name":"Waseda University","award":["NRF-2020R1G1A1007299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1G1A1007299"]}]},{"name":"Waseda University","award":["2022C-605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C-605"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The potential applications of blockchain technology across various business functions and industries have generated significant interest. However, its underlying knowledge structure remains unclear. This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the technological domain and knowledge structure of blockchain technology by analyzing 4753 USPTO patent data from 2008 to 2019. We used multiple approaches, such as analyzing patent filing volumes, constructing co-citation networks, and examining text (patent abstract) data with a variant of bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT). The results demonstrate the advantages of using an NLP-based BERT text analysis approach for examining technological knowledge and relationships within the blockchain technology field. Our findings reveal that the field of blockchain technology is expanding and diversifying, with increasing patent filings in both cryptocurrency and distributed ledger technologies and growing knowledge similarity between these two subdomains. We also found that patent assignees (companies) engage differently in innovative activities within the blockchain technology domain based on their prior experience in the field. These results hold potential for informing future research in emerging technology studies and guiding industry and policy decisions related to blockchain technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11030111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T01:39:47Z","timestamp":1677029987000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Mapping the Landscape of Blockchain Technology Knowledge: A Patent Co-Citation and Semantic Similarity Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Brian Tae-Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Commerce, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan"}]},{"given":"Eun-Jung","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business Administration, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121124","article-title":"A Comprehensive Hierarchical Blockchain System for Carbon Emission Trading Utilizing Blockchain of Things and Smart Contract","volume":"173","author":"Sadawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. 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