{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:56:11Z","timestamp":1760147771078,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Foundation Project of China","award":["20XSH001","2021ZDSC05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XSH001","2021ZDSC05"]}]},{"name":"Major Project of Chongqing Social Science Planning for the Construction of Twin-City Economic Circle in Chengdu-Chongqing Region","award":["20XSH001","2021ZDSC05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XSH001","2021ZDSC05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With improvement in consumers\u2019 environmental awareness and the level of design for remanufacturing (DfR), the traditional supply chain is gradually changing into a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). However, a high level of remanufacturing design will increase design costs for manufacturers, while also reducing the cost for remanufacturers. Moreover, manufacturers usually use patent barriers to restrict the development of remanufacturers. The main aims of this study were to explore how manufacturers and remanufacturers can benefit each other, taking into account patent protection and carbon emissions. Firstly, we adopted game theory to establish four decision-making models of the manufacturer and remanufacturer regarding DfR. Secondly, we designed a cost-sharing contract for DfR based on the decentralized decision-making model to coordinate a CLSC. The results of this study showed that under the patent-protected market environment, DfR increased the manufacturer\u2019s profit but did not necessarily promote the remanufacturer\u2019s profit growth. A cost-sharing contract can effectively achieve improvements in the presence of DfR, increase profits for both parties, and improve the economic and environmental benefits of the CLSC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11030127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T02:02:56Z","timestamp":1677636176000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Decision-Making Models and Coordination in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain Considering Patent Protection for DfR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Jian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Posts, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}]},{"given":"Gan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Posts, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}]},{"given":"Hongyuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Posts, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6001-5744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiafu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International College, Krirk University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2016.02.006","article-title":"Coordination strategy of closed-loop supply chain for remanufacture of patented products under competitive demands","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. 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