{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T23:06:07Z","timestamp":1774479967869,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China General Project \u201cResearch on Modernization of Rural Environmental Governance System and Governance Capacity\u201d","award":["20BSH113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BSH113"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China General Project \u201cResearch on Modernization of Rural Environmental Governance System and Governance Capacity\u201d","award":["122-KCXUG023G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122-KCXUG023G"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China General Project \u201cResearch on Modernization of Rural Environmental Governance System and Governance Capacity\u201d","award":["122-SKXJ2222A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122-SKXJ2222A"]}]},{"name":"Factors Influencing Public Participation in Rural Environmental Management Research","award":["20BSH113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BSH113"]}]},{"name":"Factors Influencing Public Participation in Rural Environmental Management Research","award":["122-KCXUG023G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122-KCXUG023G"]}]},{"name":"Factors Influencing Public Participation in Rural Environmental Management Research","award":["122-SKXJ2222A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122-SKXJ2222A"]}]},{"name":"Farmer Participation Mechanism Research in Rural Human Settlement Environment Improvement","award":["20BSH113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BSH113"]}]},{"name":"Farmer Participation Mechanism Research in Rural Human Settlement Environment Improvement","award":["122-KCXUG023G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122-KCXUG023G"]}]},{"name":"Farmer Participation Mechanism Research in Rural Human Settlement Environment Improvement","award":["122-SKXJ2222A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122-SKXJ2222A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Promoting green development and promoting harmonious coexistence between humans and nature are strategic tasks for the construction of ecological civilization in China in the new era. Currently, the growing environmental governance investment in China has not performed well, and the low efficiency of environmental governance has become the main problem facing the development of ecological civilization in China. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to scientifically measure the efficiency of environmental governance and improve the efficiency of environmental governance input factors to achieve green development and overcome the difficulties in the construction of ecological civilization. In this study, an improved three-stage SBM model and cloud model combined with the Theory of production, life, and ecology were used to measure the environmental governance efficiency of 27 provinces in China from 2003 to 2020 and conduct in-depth analysis and evaluation. The results show that: First, the influence of random error factors and external environmental conditions on the efficiency of rural domestic sewage treatment in China is significant. Their existence will underestimate the environmental governance efficiency in the central and western regions of China and overestimate the environmental governance efficiency in the eastern regions of China, except for Hainan Province. Second, after excluding the influence of random errors and external environment conditions, the adjusted efficiency mean value of the central and western regions significantly increases, while the environmental governance efficiency of most provinces in the eastern region, except for Hainan Province, decreases significantly. Third, the overall environmental governance efficiency of the 27 provinces in China still presents a situation wherein the western region is ranked first in efficiency, the eastern region ranks second, and the central region ranks third. The environmental governance efficiency of the 27 provinces shows a \u201clarge at both ends, small in the middle\u201d and \u201clow efficiency in the eastern and central regions, and instability in the western region\u201d state, and there is a large difference in the degree of environmental governance efficiency among the various provinces. In this regard, for the eastern and central regions, special attention should be paid to their government\u2019s transformation of development thinking, placing greater emphasis on balanced and coordinated development between urbanization, industrialization, and the environment. As for the western region, due to its harsh environmental conditions, it attaches more importance to environmental governance. However, efforts should be made to strengthen its economic development to ensure sufficient provision of material conditions such as infrastructure and equipment required for environmental governance in order to achieve stable environmental governance efficiency in the western region. For the central region, both the economy and the environment need to be further strengthened.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11040174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T01:41:34Z","timestamp":1679967694000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Efficiency Calculation and Evaluation of Environmental Governance Using the Theory of Production, Life, and Ecology Based on Panel Data from 27 Provinces in China from 2003 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xueyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"Rural Development Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"Rural Development Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"Rural Development Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Yango University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Does fiscal pressure reduce the efficiency of local government environmental governance\u2014A mediated model that is moderated","volume":"29","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Popul. Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(78)90138-8","article-title":"Measuring the efficiency of decision making units","volume":"2","author":"Charnes","year":"1978","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117886","article-title":"Environmental slogans and action: The rhetoric of local government work reports in China","volume":"238","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"88","article-title":"Assessment of the performance of environmental management in rural China and analysis of influencing factors","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stat. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1221","article-title":"International comparison and historical analysis of environmental governance efficiency in China\u2014A study based on DEA model","volume":"26","author":"Dong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"101","article-title":"A study on rural environmental governance under the social capital perspective\u2014A case study of farming pollution in J village in an underdeveloped region","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Public Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013548723393","article-title":"Accounting for environmental effects and statistical noise in data envelopment analysis","volume":"17","author":"Fried","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Product. Anal."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"48","article-title":"Evaluation of environmental governance efficiency based on DEA model\u2014Henan as an example","volume":"353","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Econ. Issues"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(16)64313-3","article-title":"Prediction of rock burst classification using cloud model with entropy weight","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1208","article-title":"A study on environmental efficiency of Chinese regions based on DEA-SBM model","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hefei Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"202","article-title":"A static dynamic analysis of the evolution of heterogeneity in the efficiency of integrated rural environmental management in the grain-producing regions of Northeast China\u2014Taking Heilongjiang Province as an example","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, X., Lu, F., Liu, S., and Chen, K. (2022). Evaluation of the Governance Efficiency of Water Environmental Governance Efficiency in Yangtze River Delta from the Perspective of Multivariate Synergies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042347"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"89","article-title":"Evaluation of local governments\u2019 environmental pollution control efficiency in China\u2014Based on three-stage Bootstrapped DEA method","volume":"01","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Zhongnan Univ. Econ. Law"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, M., Cheng, Z., Wang, Z., and Qi, D. (2022). What Affects Rural Ecological Environment Governance Efficiency? Evidence from China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105925"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"9","article-title":"Analysis on the Environmental Governance Efficiency of Local Governments in China and Its Influencing Factors","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Econ. Financ. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, G., Lin, M., Xu, Y., Li, J., and Chen, L. (2021). Impact of rating and praise campaigns on local government environmental governance efficiency: Evidence from the campaign of establishment of national sanitary cities in China. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253703"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129042","article-title":"Effects of public participation on environmental governance in China: A spatial Durbin econometric analysis","volume":"321","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(99)00407-5","article-title":"A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis","volume":"130","author":"Tone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00324-1","article-title":"A slacks-based measure of super-efficiency in data envelopment analysis","volume":"143","author":"Tone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"89","article-title":"Does the environmental technical efficiency measured by traditional methods underestimate the environmental governance efficiency?\u2014Evidence from a network DEA-based directional environmental distance function approach to analyze provincial panel data of Chinese industries","volume":"183","author":"Tu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2665","article-title":"Pollution discharge and environmental management efficiency of rural domestic sewage in China","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"42","article-title":"Attentional consistency, environmental protection interviews and environmental governance efficiency-based on polynomial regression combined with response surface analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Northeast. Univ."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"127","article-title":"Risk amplification, collective action and policy game-a study on the evolutionary path of violent protests of environmental group events","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Public Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"54","article-title":"Have environmental protection interviews improved the efficiency of local governments\u2019 environmental governance?\u2014An empirical analysis based on double difference method","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Public Adm."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"59","article-title":"Which is better or worse: PPP model or traditional model in rural habitat improvement?\u2014An analysis based on the case of rural domestic waste treatment","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-021-4646-5","article-title":"Cloud model-clustering analysis based evaluation for ventilation system of underground metal mine in alpine region","volume":"28","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"54","article-title":"A study on the impact of environmental regulation on the efficiency of industrial pollution control in China","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Popul. Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"132","article-title":"Public demand, government intervention and environmental governance efficiency\u2014An empirical analysis based on provincial panel data","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Yunnan Univ. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"103","article-title":"Regional environmental efficiency and its influencing factors in China","volume":"250","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Econ. Theory Econ. Manag"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781657","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2021.781657","article-title":"Impact of Social Capital on Environmental Governance Efficiency-Behavior of Guangdong, China","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"83","article-title":"The Way of Public Governance: A Review of Eleanor Ostrom\u2019s Theory","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Political Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"184","article-title":"Efficiency of air pollution control and choice of environmental policy instruments\u2014Empirical evidence based on 29 provinces","volume":"321","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Soft Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, W., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Xie, Y., and Chen, H. (2022). Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Industrial Pollution Control Efficiency in China. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14095152"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"17","article-title":"Study on the assessment of environmental governance efficiency in China","volume":"42","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, W., Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Xue, B., and Chen, X. (2020). Measuring Regional Eco-Efficiency in China (2003\u20132016): A \u201cFull World\u201d Perspective and Network Data Envelopment Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103456"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/4\/174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:04:23Z","timestamp":1760123063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/4\/174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["systems11040174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems11040174","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]}}}