{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:53:12Z","timestamp":1774594392533,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["72061147005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72061147005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["71874215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71874215"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["72004244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72004244"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["71571191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71571191"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21BZZ108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21BZZ108"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["9182016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9182016"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["9194031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9194031"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["17YJAZH120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17YJAZH120"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["19YJCZH253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19YJCZH253"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SKZZY2015021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKZZY2015021"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SZJ2208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZJ2208"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["72061147005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72061147005"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["71874215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71874215"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["72004244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72004244"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["71571191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71571191"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["21BZZ108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21BZZ108"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["9182016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9182016"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["9194031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9194031"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["17YJAZH120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17YJAZH120"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["19YJCZH253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19YJCZH253"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["SKZZY2015021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKZZY2015021"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["SZJ2208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZJ2208"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["72061147005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72061147005"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["71874215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71874215"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["72004244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72004244"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["71571191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71571191"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["21BZZ108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21BZZ108"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["9182016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9182016"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["9194031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9194031"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["17YJAZH120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17YJAZH120"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["19YJCZH253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19YJCZH253"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["SKZZY2015021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKZZY2015021"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["SZJ2208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZJ2208"]}]},{"name":"MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["72061147005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72061147005"]}]},{"name":"MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["71874215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71874215"]}]},{"name":"MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["72004244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72004244"]}]},{"name":"MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["71571191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71571191"]}]},{"name":"MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["21BZZ108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21BZZ108"]}]},{"name":"MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["9182016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9182016"]}]},{"name":"MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["9194031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9194031"]}]},{"name":"MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["17YJAZH120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17YJAZH120"]}]},{"name":"MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["19YJCZH253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19YJCZH253"]}]},{"name":"MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["SKZZY2015021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKZZY2015021"]}]},{"name":"MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["SZJ2208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZJ2208"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["72061147005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72061147005"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["71874215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71874215"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["72004244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72004244"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["71571191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71571191"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["21BZZ108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21BZZ108"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["9182016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9182016"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["9194031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9194031"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["17YJAZH120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17YJAZH120"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["19YJCZH253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19YJCZH253"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["SKZZY2015021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKZZY2015021"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["SZJ2208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZJ2208"]}]},{"name":"Political Education Special Fund in Central University of Finance and Economics","award":["72061147005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72061147005"]}]},{"name":"Political Education Special Fund in Central University of Finance and Economics","award":["71874215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71874215"]}]},{"name":"Political Education Special Fund in Central University of Finance and Economics","award":["72004244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72004244"]}]},{"name":"Political Education Special Fund in Central University of Finance and Economics","award":["71571191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71571191"]}]},{"name":"Political Education Special Fund in Central University of Finance and Economics","award":["21BZZ108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21BZZ108"]}]},{"name":"Political Education Special Fund in Central University of Finance and Economics","award":["9182016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9182016"]}]},{"name":"Political Education Special Fund in Central University of Finance and Economics","award":["9194031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9194031"]}]},{"name":"Political Education Special Fund in Central University of Finance and Economics","award":["17YJAZH120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17YJAZH120"]}]},{"name":"Political Education Special Fund in Central University of Finance and Economics","award":["19YJCZH253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19YJCZH253"]}]},{"name":"Political Education Special Fund in Central University of Finance and Economics","award":["SKZZY2015021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKZZY2015021"]}]},{"name":"Political Education Special Fund in Central University of Finance and Economics","award":["SZJ2208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZJ2208"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Complex mechanisms exist between public risk perception, emotions, and coping behaviors during health emergencies. To unravel the relationship between these three phenomena, a meta-analytic approach was employed in this study. Using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0, 81 papers were analyzed after selection. The results of the meta-analysis showed that (1) risk perception (perceived severity, perceived susceptibility) and negative emotions (especially fear) are both correlated with coping behaviors; (2) risk perception is strongly correlated with fear and moderately correlated with anxiety; and (3) anxiety predicts the adoption of coping behaviors. The existing research provided an empirical basis for implementing effective coping behavior interventions and implied that management decisionmakers need to consider reasonable interventions through multiple channels to maintain the public\u2019s risk perception and emotions within appropriate levels. Finally, future research directions are suggested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11040181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T10:19:33Z","timestamp":1680257973000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Relationship between Risk Perception, Emotion, and Coping Behavior during Public Health Emergencies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5379-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8672-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yicen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yanchun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05522-2","article-title":"The WHO Estimates of Excess Mortality Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"613","author":"Msemburi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70121-4","article-title":"Estimated Global Mortality Associated with the First 12 Months of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A H1N1 Virus Circulation: A Modelling Study","volume":"12","author":"Dawood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"30","article-title":"Evolution of management of emergency protective materials for mass panic in the context of public health emergencie","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oper. Res. Trans."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"181","article-title":"Psychological intervention in major public health emergencies from the perspective of positive psychology","volume":"50","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cap. Norm. Univ."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"489","article-title":"Psychological Crisis Intervention in Disasters: Comment on Psychiatric View","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"18","article-title":"Research and Thinking on Socio-psychological Early Warning System of Disaster and Major Events in China","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"25","article-title":"Emergent Management Strategies during Public Health Emergency: Perspectives from Behavioral Sciences","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Econ. Soc. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-2-2","article-title":"Theory, evidence and Intervention Mapping to improve behavior nutrition and physical activity interventions","volume":"2","author":"Brug","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phy."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-008-9000-x","article-title":"Risk Perceptions and Behaviour: Towards Pandemic Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases: International Research on Risk Perception in the Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Brug","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076358","article-title":"Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior","volume":"298","author":"Dolan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2011.613995","article-title":"The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections","volume":"26","author":"Ajzen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2020.1776891","article-title":"The impacts of vulnerability, perceived risk, and fear on preventive behaviours against COVID-19","volume":"26","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/15456870.2021.1951733","article-title":"Media exposure and intentions to wear face masks in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak: The mediating role of negative emotions and risk perception","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atl. J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/JOEUC.314825","article-title":"Mediating Effects of Attitudes, Risk Perceptions, and Negative Emotions on Coping Behaviors: Evidence From a Survey of Older Chinese Adults","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Organ. End User Com."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teasdale, E., Santer, M., Geraghty, A.W.A., Little, P., and Yardley, L. (2014). Public Perceptions of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for Reducing Transmission of Respiratory Infection: Systematic Review and Synthesis of Qualitative Studies. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-589"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12340","article-title":"Do Interventions Containing Risk Messages Increase Risk Appraisal and the Subsequent Vaccination Intentions and Uptake?\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Parsons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Zhang, H., and Huang, H. (2020). Media Exposure to COVID-19 Information, Risk Perception, Social and Geographical Proximity, and Self-Rated Anxiety in China. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09761-8"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602434","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.602434","article-title":"Attitude, Perception, and Knowledge of COVID-19 Among General Public in Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"Mahmood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J.B., Yang, A., Dou, K., Wang, L.X., Zhang, M.C., and Lin, X.Q. (2020). Chinese public\u2019s knowledge, perceived severity, and perceived controllability of COVID-19 and their associations with emotional and behavioural reactions, social participation, and precautionary behaviour: A national survey. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09695-1"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"7","article-title":"Association of Sina-microblog Use with Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Towards COVID-19 Control in China","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Access J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, X., Hu, J., Xu, X., Xianyu, Y., and Dong, W. (2021). Factors influencing risk perception and nosocomial infection prevention practices of frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Nurs., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00591-6"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"293","article-title":"Comparative Study on Risk Perception and Coping Behavior of Beijing Residents During SARS Period","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2014.87","article-title":"Public Risk Perceptions and Preventive Behaviors During the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disaster Med. Public"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R.N., Zhang, Y.C., Wu, R.K., Li, B., Li, C.W., Yu, B.T., and Zhang, Y.L. (2021). A study of self-precaution against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of risk perception attitude theory and social support. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11597-9"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa101","article-title":"The Impact of Gender on Emotional Reactions, Perceived Susceptibility and Perceived Knowledge about COVID-19 among the Israeli Public","volume":"13","author":"Levkovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, F., Min, C., Lu, Y., and Chu, Y. (2021). The Effect of Cognition and Affect on Preventive Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in China. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10784-y"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.486","article-title":"Fixed- and Random-Effects Models in Meta-Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hedges","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164496056003004","article-title":"Approximating Pearson product-moment correlations from Kendall\u2019s tau and Spearman\u2019s rho","volume":"56","author":"Rupinski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.2.193","article-title":"Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index","volume":"11","author":"Botella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"236","article-title":"The way in which intervention studies have \u201cpersonality\u201d and why it is important to meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Lipsey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eval. Health Prof."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1793434","article-title":"COVID-19 severity, self-efficacy, knowledge, preventive behaviors, and mental health in Turkey","volume":"46","year":"2022","journal-title":"Death Stud."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, E., Lee, J.E., and Kwon, S. (2021). Effect of Public Empathy with Infection-Control Guidelines on Infection-Prevention Attitudes and Behaviors: Based on the Case of COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413408"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alijanzadeh, M., Ahorsu, D.K., Alimoradi, Z., Mahmoudi, N., Griffiths, M.D., Lin, C.Y., Liu, H.K., and Pakpour, A.H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and Trust in the Healthcare System Mediates the Association between Individual\u2019s Risk Perception and Preventive COVID-19 Behaviours among Iranians. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212146"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, C., Chen, J., Chow, K.M., Law, B.M.H., Chan, D.N.S., So, W.K.W., Leung, A.W.Y., and Chan, C.W.H. (2020). Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Towards COVID-19 Amongst Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217878"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793173","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.793173","article-title":"Analysis of Preventive Behaviors of Rural Tourism Hosts in the Face of COVID-19 Pandemic: Application of Health Belief Model","volume":"9","author":"Mirakzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Rao, N., and Han, B. (2021). Pathways Improving Compliance with Preventive Behaviors during the Remission Period of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073512"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miheli\u010d, A., Jelov\u010dan, L., and Prislan, K. (2021). Internal and external drivers for compliance with the COVID-19 preventive measures in Slovenia: The view from general deterrence and protection motivation. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259675"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2021.1915909","article-title":"Risk Perception and Behavioral Response to COVID-19: A Survey of University Students and Staff in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region","volume":"36","author":"Shabu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Work Public Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59953","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14934-y","article-title":"COVID-19-related knowledge, risk perception, information seeking, and adherence to preventive behaviors among undergraduate students, southern Iran","volume":"28","author":"Rayani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.024","article-title":"The Health Belief Model as an explanatory framework for COVID-19 prevention practices","volume":"14","author":"Alagili","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562300","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.562300","article-title":"Some at Risk for COVID-19 Are Reluctant to Take Precautions, but Others Are Not: A Case From Rural in Southern Iran","volume":"8","author":"Yazdanpanah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2021.01.014","article-title":"Factors associated with preventive behaviors of COVID-19 among adolescents: Applying the health belief model","volume":"17","author":"Khoshgoftar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Admin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566773","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.566773","article-title":"COVID-19 Knowledge, Risk Perception, and Precautionary Behavior Among Nigerians: A Moderated Mediation Approach","volume":"11","author":"Iorfa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezati Rad, R., Mohseni, S., Kamalzadeh Takhti, H., Hassani Azad, M., Shahabi, N., Aghamolaei, T., and Norozian, F. (2021). Application of the protection motivation theory for predicting COVID-19 preventive behaviors in Hormozgan, Iran: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10500-w"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787929","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.787929","article-title":"Investigating the Adoption of Precautionary Behaviors Among Young Rural Adults in South Iran During COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Zobeidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, K., Liang, B., Dulebenets, M.A., and Mei, Y. (2020). The Impact of Risk Perception on Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176256"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilch, I., Wardawy, P., and Probierz, E. (2021). The predictors of adaptive and maladaptive coping behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The Protection Motivation Theory and the Big Five personality traits. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258606"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111376","article-title":"Exploring the predictors of health-protective behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-country comparison","volume":"199","author":"Jadil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2021.1921229","article-title":"Predicting engagement in behaviors to reduce the spread of COVID-19: The roles of the health belief model and political party affiliation","volume":"27","author":"Rabin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batra, K., Urankar, Y., Batra, R., Gomes, A.F., and Kaurani, P. (2021). Knowledge, Protective Behaviors and Risk Perception of COVID-19 among Dental Students in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9050574"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-021-01015-2","article-title":"Factors influencing protective behavior in the post-COVID-19 period in China: A cross-sectional study","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimy, M., Bastami, F., Sharifat, R., Heydarabadi, A.B., Hatamzadeh, N., Pakpour, A.H., Cheraghian, B., Zamani-Alavijeh, F., Jasemzadeh, M., and Araban, M. (2021). Factors related to preventive COVID-19 behaviors using health belief model among general population: A cross-sectional study in Iran. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11983-3"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"567","article-title":"A study on knowledge of influenza A(H1N1) and preventive behavior in the midst of the spread of the flu","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.07.002","article-title":"Infection-control knowledge, attitude, practice, and risk perception of occupational exposure to Zika virus among nursing students in Korea: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"734","article-title":"Relationship between Risk Perception and Unintentional\/Intentional Rumor Spread Behavior during The COVID-19 Pneumonia Outbreak in China: The Mediating Role of Negative Emotion","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"101","article-title":"Research on the Online Health Rumor Forwarding in Public Health and Safety Incidents\u2014The Interaction of Perceived Risk and Information Credibility","volume":"40","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intell."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031682","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2022.2031682","article-title":"The health belief model: Evaluating governmental public health messages on social media aimed at preventing a COVID-19 epidemic in Kuwait","volume":"9","author":"Alhaimer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogent. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.39.135.29171","article-title":"Public willingness to adhere to COVID-19 precautionary measures in Sudan: An application of the Health Belief Model","volume":"39","author":"Mehanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_1441_20","article-title":"Understanding COVID-19 preventive behavior: An application of the health belief model in the Philippine setting","volume":"10","author":"Arceo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_58_21","article-title":"Investigating preventive health behaviors against COVID-19 in elementary school students\u2019 parents: A cross-sectional study from Tehran\u2014Capital of Iran","volume":"10","author":"Bagherzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.51652\/ksmca.2021.20.4.10","article-title":"A Study on the Factors Influencing the Intention to Continue COVID-19 Preventive Behavior: Focusing on the Health Belief Model (HBM), Media\/interpersonal Information Exposure, Negative Emotions, and Interdependent Self-construal","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Speech Media Commun. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2022.2062355","article-title":"Predictors of protective behaviours during the Italian COVID-19 pandemic: An application of protection motivation theory","volume":"37","author":"Grano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0201","DOI":"10.15275\/rusomj.2021.0201","article-title":"Factors associated with preventive behaviors of COVID-19 among Indonesian nursing students: Application of Health Belief Model","volume":"10","author":"Kurnia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Russ. Open Med. J."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"19","article-title":"Gyeongnam Inhabitants\u2019 Effects of COVID-19 Infection Prevention Behavior: Focus on Anxiety and Health Belief","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-022-01090-8","article-title":"Perceived Susceptibility and Severity of COVID-19 on Prevention Practices, Early in the Pandemic in the State of Florida","volume":"47","author":"DeDonno","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"213","article-title":"An Analysis of COVID-19 Prevention Behaviors between Firefighters and Maritime Police Officers","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korea Soc. Comput. Inf."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1120","article-title":"Psychological Factors Explaining Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Travel","volume":"11","author":"Magano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.54615\/2231-7805.47245","article-title":"Effect of Risk Perceptions, Fear and myths about COVID-19 infection susceptibility on Protective behaviors in Pakistan","volume":"23","author":"Idrees","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asean J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ms65e1826","DOI":"10.54905\/disssi\/v26i120\/ms65e1826","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 risk perception on compliance with preventive measures among adult Egyptians","volume":"26","author":"Elsayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793033","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.793033","article-title":"Exploring the Mediating Role of Situation Awareness and Crisis Emotions Between Social Media Use and COVID-19 Protective Behaviors: Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-021-01497-y","article-title":"Promoting social distancing and preventing panic buying during the epidemic of COVID-19: The contributions of people\u2019s psychological and behavioural factors","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.5093\/anyes2021a10","article-title":"Health Anxiety in the Early Phase of COVID-19 Outbreak in Turkey: Investigation of Predictive Variables","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ansiedad Estr\u00e9s"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"86","article-title":"Do Socio-Demographic and Corona Reassurance-Seeking Behaviour Predict Corona Anxiety?\u2014A study among Indian population","volume":"16","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"7833","article-title":"Cognitive Determinants of Influenza Preventive Behaviors among Students: An Application of the Health Belief Model (HBM)","volume":"6","author":"Jouybari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.15296\/ijwhr.2018.53","article-title":"Education of Iranian Pregnant Women About Prevention of Influenza A","volume":"6","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Health Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2018.1503931","article-title":"Predicting consumers\u2019 intention to consume poultry during an H7N9 emergency: An extension of the theory of planned behavior model","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.05.565","article-title":"Health Behavior Education, e-research and a (H1N1) Influenza (Swine Flu): Bridging the Gap between Intentions and Health Behavior Change","volume":"46","author":"Renner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.02.024","article-title":"Practice of habitual and volitional health behaviors to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong","volume":"36","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105312436765","article-title":"The association between Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) public perceptions and reactions: A prospective study","volume":"18","author":"Karademas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822300","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.822300","article-title":"A Study on the Correlation Between Media Usage Frequency and Audiences\u2019 Risk Perception, Emotion and Behavior","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bults, M., Beaujean, D., Wijkmans, C., Richardus, J.H., and Voeten, H. (2014). Q fever in the Netherlands: Public perceptions and behavioral responses in three different epidemiological regions: A follow-up study. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-263"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13295","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome-related knowledge, preventive behaviours and risk perception among nursing students during outbreak","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"134","article-title":"Predictors of Respiratory Infection Prevention Behavoirs of Nursing College Students","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Korea Acad.-Ind. Cooper. Soc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103535","article-title":"Investigating COVID-19 risk perception and preventive behaviours in third-level students in Ireland","volume":"224","author":"Borges","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.7475\/kjan.2021.33.6.630","article-title":"Media Dependence of Nursing Students on COVID-19-Related Infection Prevention Behavior: Mediating Effect of Risk Perception","volume":"33","author":"Kwak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Adul. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"246","article-title":"A Study on the Relationship between Knowledge, Risk Perception, Preventive Health Behavior from Coronavirus disease-2019 in Nursing Students","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korea Acad.-Ind. Cooper. Soc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.7586\/jkbns.2021.23.2.110","article-title":"Factors Influencing COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors in Nursing Students: Knowledge, Risk Perception, Anxiety, and Depression","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Biol. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donizzetti, A.R., and Lagac\u00e9, M. (2022). COVID-19 and the Elderly\u2019s Mental Illness: The Role of Risk Perception, Social Isolation, Loneliness and Ageism. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084513"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.7739\/jkafn.2020.27.4.428","article-title":"Factors Influencing Preventive Behavior against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) among Medically Inclined College Students","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Fund Nurs."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"29","article-title":"Effect of nursing students\u2019 knowledge of COVID-19 and risk perception on COVID-19 prevention behavior","volume":"19","author":"Kyung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Converg."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"583","article-title":"Factors Influencing Hospital Nurses\u2019 COVID-19 Prevention Behaviors","volume":"12","author":"Jeon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korea Converg. Soc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zancu, S.A., M\u0103irean, C., and Diaconu-Gherasim, L.R. (2022). The longitudinal relation between time perspective and preventive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of risk perception. Curr. Psychol., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03069-z"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759510","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.759510","article-title":"The Effect of Risk Perception on Anxiety in Emerging Adulthood Under the Local Outbreak of COVID-19: A Conditional Process Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"66","article-title":"Effects of Information Literacy, Risk Perception and Crisis Communication Related to COVID-19 on Preventive Behaviors of Nursing Students in Clinical Practice","volume":"12","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Converge. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.14367\/kjhep.2021.38.1.25","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 knowledge, risk perception, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on preventive action intentions and preventive action practices in college students","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Impact of Fear and Perception of Infection Risk on Depression among Service Workers during COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"Jeon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J. Occup. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"65","article-title":"The Effects of COVID-19 Risk Information Seeking and Processing on its Preventive Behaviors and Information Sharing","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Serv."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"48","article-title":"The Relationship of Anxiety, Risk Perception, Literacy, and Compliance of Preventive Behaviors during COVID-19 Pandemic in Nursing Students","volume":"38","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jairtraman.2022.102191","article-title":"Impact of perception of COVID-19 on NPI, job satisfaction, and customer orientation: Highlighting three types of NPIs for the airline industry","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Air Transp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"190","article-title":"Factors Influencing University Students\u2019 Infection Prevention Behaviors Compliance in the Early Stage of COVID-19","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"33","article-title":"An Extended Model of Risk Transmission from the Perspective of Media Credibility\u2014Based on the National Survey of COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1073","article-title":"The negative psychology for the public in Zhejiang province during the epidemic of human H7N9 avian influenza","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0994","article-title":"Exploring the Complex Pathways between the Fear of COVID-19 and Preventive Health Behavior among Nigerians: Mediation and Moderation Analyses","volume":"105","author":"Ayandele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564083","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.564083","article-title":"Correlates of Health-Protective Behavior During the Initial Days of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Norway","volume":"11","author":"Zickfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"404","article-title":"Compliance of home quarantine protection and its effect on anxiety degree during the epidemic outbreak period of COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Control"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"e778","article-title":"Knowledge, Attitude, Fear, and Practice towards Coronavirus Disease-2019 Preventive Measures among Iranian Dentists","volume":"23","author":"Zeidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. Red. Crescent. Me."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.638","article-title":"The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results","volume":"86","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ-Clin. Res. Ed."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn065","article-title":"Sensitivity of between-study heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Proposed metrics and empirical evaluation","volume":"37","author":"Patsopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634078","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.634078","article-title":"Culture Related Factors May Shape Coping During Pandemics","volume":"12","author":"Shekriladze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/ajsp.12104","article-title":"The Influence of Self-Efficacy, Subjective Norms, and Risk Perception on Behavioral Intentions Related to the H1N1 Flu Pandemic: A Comparison between Korea and the US","volume":"18","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-020-01088-3","article-title":"Religion and Faith Perception in a Pandemic of COVID-19","volume":"59","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35730","DOI":"10.2196\/35730","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 and Prevention Behaviors: Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cipolletta, S., Andreghetti, G.R., and Mioni, G. (2022). Risk Perception towards COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Synthesis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084649"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes, A., and Peterson, J.V. (2021). Social Media and Public Perception as Core Aspect of Public Health: The Cautionary Case of @realdonaldtrump and COVID-19. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251179"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S284313","article-title":"The Role of Social Media in the Advent of COVID-19 Pandemic: Crisis Management, Mental Health Challenges and Implications","volume":"14","author":"Abbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"19","article-title":"The use of social media in public health emergencies and its impact on college students\u2019 health behavior","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Media Res."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"7","article-title":"The relationship between risk perception and negative coping behaviors in public crisis events: Analysis of a moderated mediation model","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"203","article-title":"Infodemia, Fake News and Medicine: Science and The Quest for Truth","volume":"33","author":"Mesquita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Li, H., and Chen, K. (2020). Effective Risk Communication for Public Health Emergency: Reflection on the COVID-19 (2019-NCoV) Outbreak in Wuhan, China. Healthcare, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8010064"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"1803","article-title":"Research progress on risk perception, emotion and behavior of the public under major emergencies","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.26.2.136","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: The example of vaccination","volume":"26","author":"Brewer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Psychol."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/4\/181\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:07:48Z","timestamp":1760123268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/4\/181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["systems11040181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems11040181","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}}}