{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T17:32:33Z","timestamp":1769103153170,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Autonomous Province of Trento"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blockchain is currently a core technology for developing new types of decentralized applications. With the unique properties of blockchain, unique challenges and characteristics are introduced to the system. Among these characteristics, the infrastructure costs and benefits of the system are critical to evaluate the feasibility of any system and have yet to be addressed in the current literature. This work presents a framework for evaluating blockchain applications\u2019 infrastructure costs and benefits. The framework includes a taxonomy to classify the related transactions, a model to evaluate the infrastructure costs and benefits in applications using public or private blockchains, and a methodology to guide the use of the model. The model is based on simple parameters that describe the systems, and the methodology helps to identify and estimate these parameters at any stage of the application life cycle. We quantitatively analyze three real use cases to demonstrate the framework\u2019s merit. The analyses highlight the model\u2019s accuracy by achieving the same results presented in the use cases. Furthermore, the use-case analyses emphasize the framework\u2019s potential to evaluate different scenarios across the entire life cycle of blockchain-based applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11040184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T02:59:43Z","timestamp":1680663583000},"page":"184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An Infrastructure Cost and Benefits Evaluation Framework for Blockchain-Based Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5847-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Pincheira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Industry Center, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6690-0250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Donini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Society Center, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-8220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Industry Center, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Giaffreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Industry Center, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.110891","article-title":"A systematic literature review of blockchain and smart contract development: Techniques, tools, and open challenges","volume":"174","author":"Vacca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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Agric."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pincheira, M., Donini, E., Giaffreda, R., and Vecchio, M. (2020, January 22\u201326). A Blockchain-Based Approach to Enable Remote Sensing Trusted Data. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Latin American GRSS ISPRS Remote Sensing Conference (LAGIRS), Santiago, Chile.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAGIRS48042.2020.9165589"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Destefanis, G., Marchesi, M., Ortu, M., Tonelli, R., Bracciali, A., and Hierons, R. (2018, January 20). Smart contracts vulnerabilities: A call for blockchain software engineering?. 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