{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:09:39Z","timestamp":1762254579341,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71771128","71402075","72172069","71502088","SJWZ2021002","SJWY2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71771128","71402075","72172069","71502088","SJWZ2021002","SJWY2021001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang","award":["71771128","71402075","72172069","71502088","SJWZ2021002","SJWY2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71771128","71402075","72172069","71502088","SJWZ2021002","SJWY2021001"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo University","award":["71771128","71402075","72172069","71502088","SJWZ2021002","SJWY2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71771128","71402075","72172069","71502088","SJWZ2021002","SJWY2021001"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Open Experiment Project of Ningbo University","award":["71771128","71402075","72172069","71502088","SJWZ2021002","SJWY2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71771128","71402075","72172069","71502088","SJWZ2021002","SJWY2021001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prosperity of e-commerce has made more and more businesses willing to enter the e-commerce market, which has also brought a series of strategic collaboration between firms. This study considers game models with and without collaboration between the platform and the retailer. An e-commerce platform has relative logistics service sharing advantages while the retailer has relative procurement advantages. We formulated a multichannel supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and two retailers to explore the feasibility of the above strategic collaboration model. We utilized the Stackelberg game and Nash game approaches to obtain equilibrium solutions under both cooperative and noncooperative scenarios. Through a further analysis, we determined the impacts of the logistics sensitivity, the cost of the unit logistics service effort, the price of shared logistics service per unit, and the price competition intensity on optimal prices, the logistics service efforts, and the profits. Moreover, the collaborative exchange of advantages between the platform and the retailer needs to consider the interests of participating manufacturers in the game. Our extension suggests all three firms should actively promote deeper collaboration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11070358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:39:41Z","timestamp":1689295181000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["To Compete or to Collaborate? Logistics Service Sharing and Retailers\u2019 Resale in Competitive Online Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5284-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3287-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bisheng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Binhai Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2022.102814","article-title":"Truthful multi-attribute multi-unit double auctions for B2B e-commerce logistics service transactions","volume":"164","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102468","article-title":"Financing models for an online seller with performance risk in an E-commerce marketplace","volume":"155","author":"Rath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-019-09382-3","article-title":"Reselling or drop shipping: Strategic analysis of E-commerce dual-channel structures","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Lu, Y., and Liu, B. (2023). Pricing Decisions and Game Analysis on Advanced Delivery and Cross-Channel Return in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain System. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11030155"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107684","article-title":"Logistics service strategies under different selling modes","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.08.025","article-title":"Are price matching and logistics service enhancement always effective strategies for improving profitability?","volume":"307","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107724","article-title":"Introduction of the marketplace channel under logistics service sharing in an e-commerce platform","volume":"163","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2019.102153","article-title":"The strategic analysis of logistics service sharing in an e-commerce platform","volume":"92","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2022.112131","article-title":"Dynamic game study of multi-channel supply chain under cap-and-trade regulation","volume":"160","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Gao, K., and Wang, S. (2022). Share or not share: The optimal logistics service strategy in a dual-channel e-commerce supply chain. Electron. Commer. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-022-09613-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.107553","article-title":"Join logistics sharing alliance or not? Incentive analysis of competing E-commerce firms with promised-delivery-time","volume":"224","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2012.09.009","article-title":"Coordination of a supply chain with one manufacturer and multiple competing retailers under simultaneous demand and cost disruptions","volume":"141","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9969937","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8841536","article-title":"Sharing Logistics Service Supply Chain with Revenue-Sharing vs. Cost-Sharing Contracts","volume":"2021","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2015.07.007","article-title":"One firm, one product, two prices: Channel-based price differentiation and customer retention","volume":"27","author":"Vogel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2021.1925173","article-title":"Smart logistics ecological cooperation with data sharing and platform empowerment: An examination with evolutionary game model","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Xia, S., and Lang, C. (2023). Online Luxury Resale Platforms and Customer Experiences: A Text Mining Analysis of Online Reviews. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15108137"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/imaman\/dpab012","article-title":"Resale or agency: Pricing strategy for advance selling in a supply chain considering consumers\u2019 loss aversion","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IMA J. Manag. Math."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2014.04.024","article-title":"Competitive pricing and ordering decisions in a multiple-channel supply chain","volume":"154","author":"Hsieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2012.12.020","article-title":"A coordinated production and shipment model in a supply chain","volume":"143","author":"Kaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2013.01.007","article-title":"Contract choice game of supply chain competition at both manufacturer and retailer levels","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2019.109576","article-title":"Coordination and control of multi-channel supply chain driven by consumers\u2019 channel preference and sales effort","volume":"132","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102425","article-title":"Revenue management in a multi-level multi-channel supply chain considering pricing, greening, and advertising decisions","volume":"59","author":"Khorshidvand","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134060","article-title":"Recycling mode selection and carbon emission reduction decisions for a multi-channel closed-loop supply chain of electric vehicle power battery under cap-and-trade policy","volume":"375","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119628","article-title":"Designing a sustainable multi-channel supply chain distribution network: A case study","volume":"251","author":"Vafaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, G., Xiong, X., Li, Y., and Zhu, X. (2022). Sales Mode Selection Strategic Analysis for Manufacturers on E-Commerce Platforms under Multi-Channel Competition. Systems, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10060234"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2017.04.014","article-title":"Warehouse capacity sharing via transshipment for an integrated two-echelon supply chain","volume":"104","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E-Logist. Transp."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., and Wang, Z. (2023). Inventory Control for Omnichannel Retailing Between One Warehouse and Multiple Stores. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2023.3270376"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1070.0767","article-title":"Inventory management with auctions and other sales channels: Optimality of (s, S) policies","volume":"54","author":"Huh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.122118","article-title":"Knowledge-sharing across supply chain actors in adopting Industry 4.0 technologies: An exploratory case study within the automotive industry","volume":"186","author":"Vafaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2019.1631468","article-title":"Moving towards digitalization: A multiple case study in manufacturing","volume":"31","author":"Zangiacomi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1108\/JBIM-05-2014-0099","article-title":"Knowledge integration with customers in collaborative product development projects","volume":"31","author":"Eslami","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ind. Mark."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2022.02.064","article-title":"Bi-level programming for modelling inventory sharing in decentralized supply chains","volume":"62","author":"Achamrah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2014.12.033","article-title":"Inventory sharing and coordination among n independent retailers","volume":"243","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2020.108011","article-title":"Pricing and replenishment decisions for seasonal and nonseasonal products in a shared supply chain","volume":"233","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2007.07.013","article-title":"Insights into inventory sharing in service parts logistics systems with time-based service levels","volume":"54","author":"Kutanoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.05.014","article-title":"After-sale service deployment and information sharing in a supply chain under demand uncertainty","volume":"279","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.09.024","article-title":"Disclosing products\u2019 freshness level as a non-contractible quality: Optimal logistics service contracts in the fresh products supply chain","volume":"307","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106849","article-title":"Logistics service sharing and competition in a dual-channel e-commerce supply chain","volume":"149","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2011.12.008","article-title":"A generalized model of partial resale","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2023.101251","article-title":"How should resale platforms operate the customer-to-business-to-customer mode?","volume":"58","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2017.11.017","article-title":"Efficiency in auctions with (failed) resale","volume":"159","author":"Pagnozzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2021.109845","article-title":"Can resale harm the original seller in a second-price auction?","volume":"203","author":"Akyol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Econ. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121432","article-title":"How do ethical consumers utilize sharing economy platforms as part of their sustainable resale behavior? The role of consumers\u2019 green consumption values","volume":"176","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2018.03.008","article-title":"Resale pricing in franchised stores: A franchisor perspective","volume":"43","author":"Perrigot","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2019.113098","article-title":"Agency or resale: Effects of a platform-performance investment for frenemy platforms","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., and Zhao, Y. (2023). Research on Manufacturers\u2019 Logistics Strategy Selection in the Context of E-Commerce. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11070324"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2006.04.002","article-title":"Pricing policies under direct vs. indirect channel competition and national vs. store brand competition","volume":"180","author":"Kurata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2016.07.001","article-title":"Interaction between channel strategy and store brand decisions","volume":"256","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2022.102620","article-title":"Game theoretical analysis of service effort timing scheme strategies in dual-channel supply chains","volume":"158","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.05.015","article-title":"Dynamics of competing with quality- and advertising-based goodwill","volume":"175","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.12.027","article-title":"Supplier encroachment under nonlinear pricing with imperfect substitutes: Bargaining power versus revenue-sharing","volume":"267","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107368","article-title":"Direct selling, agent selling, or dual-format selling: Electronic channel configuration considering channel competition and platform service","volume":"157","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/7\/358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:12:02Z","timestamp":1760127122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/7\/358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["systems11070358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems11070358","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]}}}