{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T11:14:35Z","timestamp":1774005275502,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022S1A5A8054578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022S1A5A8054578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022S1A5A8054578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022S1A5A8054578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022S1A5A8054578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022S1A5A8054578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022S1A5A8054578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022S1A5A8054578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper develops a new unified theoretical general equilibrium model in which the interactions between heterogeneous workers and firms influence heterogeneous city evolutions. Given the heterogeneous worker\u2013firm\u2013city framework, I study in depth the possible heterogenous city evolutions and the resulting implications on the labor market, as well as on overall productivity. In particular, it is shown that the same exogenous shocks may lead to completely different results depending on the relative dominance of the two countervailing effects of congestion and agglomeration. In an open economy setting, it is also shown that such relative dominance may affect the trading partner and generate the comovement of city evolution in each country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11070360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:56:47Z","timestamp":1689555407000},"page":"360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Theory of Heterogeneous City Evolution with Heterogenous Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7532-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaewon","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business and Economics, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"THEMA, CY Cergy Paris University, 95011 Cergy, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of Economics, Macmillan. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"640","article-title":"The Sizes and Types of Cities","volume":"64","author":"Henderson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0080(04)80005-1","article-title":"Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Henderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9787.2009.00657.x","article-title":"The magnitude and causes of agglomeration economies","volume":"50","author":"Puga","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59517-1.00004-0","article-title":"Agglomeration theory with heterogeneous agents","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Duranton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2007.04.004","article-title":"Spatial wage disparities: Sorting matters!","volume":"63","author":"Combes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828043052303","article-title":"Gibrat\u2019s law for (all) cities","volume":"94","author":"Eeckhout","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556133","article-title":"Zipf\u2019s law for cities: An explanation","volume":"114","author":"Gabaix","year":"1999","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0080(04)80010-5","article-title":"The evolution of city size distributions","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Henderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1086\/675534","article-title":"Productive cities: Sorting, selection and agglomeration","volume":"122","author":"Behrens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2004.12.002","article-title":"From sectoral to functional urban specialization","volume":"57","author":"Duranton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2007.02.006","article-title":"Where do manufacturing firms locate their headquarters?","volume":"63","author":"Henderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2354.2010.00617.x","article-title":"The skill composition of US cities","volume":"52","author":"Hendricks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.90.5.1255","article-title":"Diversity and Trade","volume":"90","author":"Grossman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1086\/379935","article-title":"The Distribution of Talent and the Pattern and Consequences of International Trade","volume":"112","author":"Grossman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/121.1.31","article-title":"Offshoring in a Knowledge Economy","volume":"121","author":"Garicano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1086\/655858","article-title":"Matching and Inequality in the World Economy","volume":"118","author":"Costinot","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA8640","article-title":"Inequality and Unemployment in a Global Economy","volume":"78","author":"Helpman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2015.10.007","article-title":"Trade, education, and the shrinking middle class","volume":"99","author":"Blanchard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Econ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00199-018-1136-6","article-title":"Technology, skill, and growth in a global economy","volume":"68","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econ. Theory"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1435-5597.1971.tb01493.x","article-title":"The Economics of Urban Size","volume":"26","author":"Alonso","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pap. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Richardson, H.W. (1978). Regional and Urban Economics, Penguin."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Christaller, W. (1966). Central Places in Southern Germany, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capello, R. (2016). Regional Economics, Routledge. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315720074"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1086\/321017","article-title":"On Strategic Community Development","volume":"109","author":"Henderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10110-003-0180-0","article-title":"The new economic geography: Past, present and the future","volume":"83","author":"Fujita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pap. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.oep.a041827","article-title":"Some thoughts on the distribution of earnings","volume":"3","author":"Roy","year":"1951","journal-title":"Oxf. Econ. Pap."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1426","article-title":"Urban Spatial Structure","volume":"36","author":"Anas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Econ. Lit."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Moretti, E. (2012). The New Geography of Jobs, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/7\/360\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:12:57Z","timestamp":1760127177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/7\/360"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["systems11070360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems11070360","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]]}}}