{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:26:12Z","timestamp":1782926772983,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China National Social Science Fund","award":["20BTQ045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BTQ045"]}]},{"name":"China National Social Science Fund","award":["2020GGJS127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020GGJS127"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Young Teachers Project","award":["20BTQ045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BTQ045"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Young Teachers Project","award":["2020GGJS127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020GGJS127"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extensive application of algorithm recommendation technology not only meets the information needs of network users but also leads to the emergence of \u201cinformation cocoons\u201d. On the basis of summarizing three generating mechanisms, namely, the theory of technological innovation, the theory of interest-driven, and the theory of emotional identity, this paper constructs a game model of bilateral evolution between information platforms and network users and simulates the influence path of key factors on the evolution of both parties\u2019 main strategies. The research shows that algorithm recommendation technology is the root of \u201cinformation cocoons\u201d in the algorithm era. As the algorithm technology matures day by day, the cost of using algorithm recommendations on information platforms and the loss cost of accepting algorithm recommendations by network users are constantly decreasing, which causes the information platforms and network users\u2019 strategy choice for algorithm recommendation to evolve from {give up and conflict} to {use and accept}, and finally leads to the long-term existence of \u201cinformation cocoons\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11080414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T10:24:47Z","timestamp":1691663087000},"page":"414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Generation Mechanism of \u201cInformation Cocoons\u201d of Network Users: An Evolutionary Game Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3021-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongtao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqiao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0946-9396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunstein, C.R. (2006). Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195189285.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You, The Penguin Group.","DOI":"10.3139\/9783446431164"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1139\/facets-2019-0002","article-title":"Perspective-based search: A new paradigm for bursting the information bubble","volume":"4","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Facets"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2020.2975112","article-title":"Reemergence modeling of intelligent information diffusion in heterogeneous social networks: The dynamics perspective","volume":"8","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2018.02.005","article-title":"A novel recommendation method based on social network using matrix factorization technique","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2022.2128392","article-title":"Effects of comparative information when communicating personalized risks of treatment outcomes: An experimental study","volume":"26","author":"Vromans","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Risk. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tornberg, P. (2018). Echo chambers and viral misinformation: Modeling fake news as complex contagion. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203958"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-014-0437-y","article-title":"A social epistemology of aesthetics: Belief polarization, echo chambers and aesthetic judgement","volume":"191","author":"Robson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000324","article-title":"Personal echo chambers: Openness-to-experience is linked to higher levels of psychological interest diversity in large-scale behavioral data","volume":"121","author":"Matz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2019.101155","article-title":"The tyranny of perceived opinion: Freedom and information in the era of big data","volume":"59","author":"Saetra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1177\/17506980211010694","article-title":"Digital disorientation and place","volume":"14","author":"Relph","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mem. Stud."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044312","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.104.044312","article-title":"Effect of algorithmic bias and network structure on coexistence, consensus, and polarization of opinions","volume":"104","author":"Peralta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12169","article-title":"Demand for slant: How abstention shapes voters\u2019 choice of news media","volume":"125","author":"Oliveros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24388","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and the world of work, aco-constitutive relationship","volume":"72","author":"Osterlund","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2015.08.005","article-title":"Social big data: Recent achievements and new challenges","volume":"28","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2015.10.006","article-title":"Predicting the performance of online consumer reviews: A sentiment mining approach to big data analytics","volume":"81","author":"Salehan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/comt.12087","article-title":"Curated Flows: A Framework for Mapping Media Exposure in the Digital Age","volume":"26","author":"Thorson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Commun. Theor."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2011.01580.x","article-title":"Getting real: The duration of framing effects","volume":"61","author":"Lecheler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2020\/16371","article-title":"understanding echo chambers and filter bubbles: The impact of social media on diversification and partisan shifts in news consumption","volume":"44","author":"Kitchens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mis. Q."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"185","article-title":"Regulation of algorithmic monopoly through antitrust law in the era of artificial intelligence","volume":"183","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Law"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"54","article-title":"Research on the construction of human-machine harmonious ecology facing the ethical anomie of algorithm recommendation","volume":"45","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Stud. Theor. Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1177\/15274764211020106","article-title":"The public service approach to recommender systems: Filtering to cultivate","volume":"23","author":"Hilden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telev. New Media"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2019.1208","article-title":"Curation algorithms and filter bubbles in social networks","volume":"39","author":"Berman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"James, B., and Niki, S. (2014). Media Independence: Working with Freedom or Working for Free?, Taylor and Francis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1271900","article-title":"Exposure diversity as a design principle for recommender systems","volume":"21","author":"Helberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2008.55","article-title":"Recommendation method for improving customer lifetime value","volume":"20","author":"Iwata","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.06.069","article-title":"Deep sentiment analysis: Mining the causality between personality-value-attitude for analyzing business ads in social media","volume":"40","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x","article-title":"Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure","volume":"60","author":"Stroud","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2018.1444783","article-title":"Facebook news and (de)polarization: Reinforcing spirals in the 2016 US election","volume":"21","author":"Beam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37825","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37825","article-title":"Echo chambers: Emotional contagion and group polarization on facebook","volume":"6","author":"Vivaldo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12178","article-title":"Information overload, similarity, and redundancy: Unsubscribing information sources on twitter","volume":"22","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anger, fear, and echo chambers: The emotional basis for online behavior","volume":"5","author":"Wollebaek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Media Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zmac014","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmac014","article-title":"AI agency vs. human agency: Understanding human-AI interactions on TikTok and their implications for user engagement","volume":"27","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2022.1128","article-title":"Online personalized assortment optimization with high-dimensional customer contextual data","volume":"24","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Manuf. Serv. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1378","article-title":"Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta-analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources","volume":"11","author":"Gusenbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, T.X., and Wang, C. (2021). Big data technology applications and the right to health in china during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147325"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2013.06.009","article-title":"A survey of collaborative filtering based social recommender systems","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20191777","article-title":"Social media, news consumption, and polarization: Evidence from a field experiment","volume":"11","author":"Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"86","article-title":"Practical problems and strategy selection of building value consensus in the era of algorithmic recommendation","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ideolog. Theor. Edu."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Towards an ethical framework for publishing twitter data in social research: Taking into account users\u2019 views, online context and algorithmic estimation","volume":"51","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sociol. J. Br. Sociol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05547","article-title":"Searching for superspreaders of information in real-world social media","volume":"4","author":"Pei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9768","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2019.2910043","article-title":"Style-oriented personalized landmark recommendation","volume":"66","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.02.002","article-title":"Personalized recommendation via user preference matching","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849097","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.849097","article-title":"The motivation of media users and china\u2019s national media digitization construction in the post-COVID-19 era","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.01.030","article-title":"Collaborative analysis model for trending images on social networks","volume":"86","author":"Hossain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. Int. J. Esci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-014-9416-4","article-title":"Bayesian population dynamics of spreading species","volume":"20","author":"Dragicevic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Model Assess."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2307\/2938222","article-title":"Evolutionary games in economics","volume":"59","author":"Friedman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950018","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218127419500184","article-title":"Reflective evolution under strategic uncertainty","volume":"29","author":"Dragicevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, J., and Zhang, S. (2023). Evolutionary Game Analysis of Data Resale Governance in Data Trading. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11070363"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Zhang, Y., Liang, M., Cao, Y., Zhang, W., and Su, L. (2023). Evolution Mechanism of Public\u2013Private Partnership Project Trust from the Perspective of the Supply Chain. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11070379"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2006.06.004","article-title":"The replicator equation on graphs","volume":"243","author":"Ohtsuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lisr.2019.02.003","article-title":"Information activities within information horizons: A case for college students\u2019 personal information management","volume":"41","author":"Sinn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lib. Inf. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23536","article-title":"The quality versus accessibility debate revisited: A contingency perspective on human information source selection","volume":"67","author":"Woudstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/8\/414\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:30:46Z","timestamp":1760128246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/8\/414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["systems11080414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems11080414","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]}}}