{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T12:47:31Z","timestamp":1763988451399,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["72072131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72072131"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Establishing appropriate inter-organizational partnership in disaster response is of great help to the improvement of disaster relief performance. However, the selection of proper disaster response organizations for government agencies to build partnerships among the numerous relief organizations remains to be addressed. To fill the gap, this paper adopted a complex network modeling method to explain the formation mechanism of inter-organizational partnership in disaster response. Then, based on a numerical simulation method, the paper compared different inter-organizational partnering strategies, and explored the optimal inter-organizational partnering strategy in the disaster response process. Results demonstrate that the optimal partnering strategy is contingent on disaster response conditions, with accurate disaster information and abundant relief materials to choose the material difference principle, and vague disaster information to choose the organizational influence principle. At the same time, frequent information communication and material cooperation allocation can be transformed into low-frequency information communication and government-led material allocation. This study provides practical guidance for disaster relief organizations to choose inter-organizational partnering strategies, and enriches the disaster organization management theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11080420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T10:33:23Z","timestamp":1691750003000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inter-Organizational Partnering Strategies in Disaster Response: A Complex Network Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) (2023, April 16). Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Available online: https:\/\/www.undrr.org\/gar\/gar2022-our-world-risk-gar#container-downloads."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1177\/0275074017724225","article-title":"The structure of effective governance of disaster response networks: Insights from the field","volume":"48","author":"Nowell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Public Adm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1177\/0095399714541270","article-title":"Structure and network performance: Horizontal and vertical networks in emergency management","volume":"48","author":"Kapucu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adm. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-017-2584-2","article-title":"Big data and disaster management: A systematic review and agenda for future research","volume":"283","author":"Akter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.02.004","article-title":"Public-private-people relationship stakeholder model for disaster and humanitarian operations","volume":"22","author":"Fontainha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"9687390","article-title":"Partnering strategies of organizational networks in complex environment of disaster in the centralized political context","volume":"1","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2016.09.013","article-title":"Inter-organizational disaster management projects: Finding the middle way between trust and control","volume":"35","author":"Kalkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2013.01.039","article-title":"Review of recent developments in OR\/MS research in disaster operations management","volume":"230","author":"Galindo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.09.041","article-title":"Partner selection in disaster relief: Partnership formation in the presence of incompatible agencies","volume":"27","author":"Coles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-1925-1","article-title":"Examining collaborative disaster response in China: Network perspectives","volume":"79","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.12138","article-title":"Organizational networks in times of crisis: Lessons from Katrina","volume":"26","author":"Curtis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cont. Crisis Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-014-0092-x","article-title":"Linking emergency management networks to disaster resilience: Bonding and bridging strategy in hierarchical or horizontal collaboration networks","volume":"49","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2015.08.059","article-title":"Humanitarian logistics network design under mixed uncertainty","volume":"250","author":"Tofighi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/0275074014555645","article-title":"Understanding multiplexity of collaborative emergency management networks","volume":"46","author":"Kapucu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amer. Rev. Public Adm."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"96","article-title":"Approach to disaster relief: Emergency management system in cities of China","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disaster Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-017-2658-1","article-title":"Impact of internet of things (IoT) in disaster management: A task-technology fit perspective","volume":"283","author":"Sinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.02.013","article-title":"Exploring communication media options in an inter-organizational disaster response coordination network using agent-based simulation","volume":"269","author":"Aros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2009.10.004","article-title":"Stochastic optimization of medical supply location and distribution in disaster management","volume":"126","author":"Mete","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12591","article-title":"Disaster management from a POM perspective: Mapping a new domain","volume":"25","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104607","article-title":"Exploring complex adaptive networks in the aftermath of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2009.08.003","article-title":"Pre-positioning of emergency supplies for disaster response","volume":"44","author":"Rawls","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-009-9174-z","article-title":"Challenges and obstacles in sharing and coordinating information during multi-agency disaster response: Propositions from field exercises","volume":"12","author":"Bharosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2019.1685702","article-title":"Supply chain coordination under information asymmetry: A review","volume":"58","author":"Vosooghidizaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/1078087409360509","article-title":"Collaboration networks among local elected officials: Information, commitment, and risk aversion","volume":"46","author":"Feiock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urban Aff. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764204268987","article-title":"Coordination in rapidly evolving disaster response systems: The role of information","volume":"48","author":"Comfort","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2015.09.010","article-title":"Tracing interorganizational information networks during emergency response period: A webometric approach to the 2012 Gumi chemical spill in South Korea","volume":"33","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1177\/0095399712469198","article-title":"Understanding information exchange during disaster response: Methodological insights from infocentric analysis","volume":"46","author":"Steelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adm. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1108\/JHLSCM-09-2019-0066","article-title":"A collaboration-resilience framework for disaster management supply networks: A case study of the Philippines","volume":"10","author":"Medel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Humanist. Logist. Supply Chain Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-018-2806-2","article-title":"Humanitarian supply chain management: A thematic literature review and future directions of research","volume":"283","author":"Behl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-023-05232-6","article-title":"Logistic distribution in humanitarian supply chain management: A thematic literature review and future research","volume":"323","author":"Sentia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-021-04560-9","article-title":"An NGO disaster relief network for small and medium-scale natural hazards in China","volume":"106","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2017.1351463","article-title":"Scalable simulation of a disaster response agent-based network management and adaptation system (DRAMAS)","volume":"22","author":"Coles","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Risk Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2022.108643","article-title":"A collaborative humanitarian relief chain design for disaster response","volume":"172","author":"Shokr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13053","article-title":"Collaborative prepositioning network design for regional disaster response","volume":"28","author":"Balcik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2010.518744","article-title":"Supply network topology and robustness against disruptions\u2013an investigation using multi-agent model","volume":"49","author":"Nair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2004.49","article-title":"Survivability of multiagent-based supply networks: A topological perspect","volume":"19","author":"Thadakamaila","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103375","article-title":"Integration and modularization: Research on urban cross-regional emergency cooperation based on the network approach","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13660","article-title":"Orchestrating coordination among humanitarian organizations","volume":"31","author":"Ruesch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-011-0781-5","article-title":"Collaborative strategic management: Strategy formulation and implementation by multi-organizational cross-sector social partnerships","volume":"94","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12173","article-title":"The four Cs of disaster partnering: Communication, cooperation, coordination and collaboration","volume":"40","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/pmj.21267","article-title":"A bibliometric view on the use of contingency theory in project management research","volume":"43","author":"Hanisch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proj. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2014.04.003","article-title":"Collaborative disaster management: An interdisciplinary approach","volume":"65","author":"Noran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/8\/420\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:31:46Z","timestamp":1760128306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/8\/420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["systems11080420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems11080420","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]}}}