{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T22:47:35Z","timestamp":1771627655714,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"InnoHK Research Clusters, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government","award":["RP2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP2-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electronic sports show significant user churn caused by a toxic gaming atmosphere, and current GUI-based interventions are insufficient to address the issue. Based on the theoretical framework of Perceiving and Experiencing Fictional Characters, a new hybrid interaction interface and paradigm combined with tangibles is proposed to counter negative mood. To support the frustrated users of Massive Online Battle Arena (MOBA) games, we added AI teammates for better personal performance and social robots for the disclosure of negative mood. We hypothesized that AI teammates\u2019 invisibility and anonymity would mitigate negative emotions; an effect amplified by the presence of social robots. A comparative experiment was conducted with 111 participants. Social robots for emotion-oriented coping improved user mood but AI teammates for problem-oriented coping did so better, although their higher levels of experienced anonymity may not have been preferred. Unexpectedly, conversing with a robot after playing with an AI teammate brought the mood back to that experienced when talking to a robot alone, while increasing the distancing tendencies. With this in mind, AI and social robots can counter the negative atmosphere in MOBA games, positively contributing to game design and empathic human\u2013computer interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11080425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:40:31Z","timestamp":1692009631000},"page":"425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) Games: Improving Negative Atmosphere with Social Robots and AI Teammates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yimin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"School of Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3549-2431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonglin","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Shaokang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Arts, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Lingxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3427-5681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan F.","family":"Hoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Department of Communication Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-04-2016-0085","article-title":"What Is ESports and Why Do People Watch It?","volume":"27","author":"Hamari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2005.08.006","article-title":"Chronic Violent Video Game Exposure and Desensitization to Violence: Behavioral and Event-Related Brain Potential Data","volume":"42","author":"Bartholow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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