{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:40:54Z","timestamp":1777336854255,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Special Project of Shandong Social Science Planning Fund Program","award":["No. 21CSDJ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 21CSDJ03"]}]},{"name":"the Special Project of Shandong Social Science Planning Fund Program","award":["No. 2021RW021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021RW021"]}]},{"name":"the Special Project of Shandong Social Science Planning Fund Program","award":["No. 523QN214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 523QN214"]}]},{"name":"the Special Project of Shandong Social Science Planning Fund Program","award":["No. 23DGLJ21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 23DGLJ21"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Team of Shandong Higher Education Institutions","award":["No. 21CSDJ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 21CSDJ03"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Team of Shandong Higher Education Institutions","award":["No. 2021RW021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021RW021"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Team of Shandong Higher Education Institutions","award":["No. 523QN214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 523QN214"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Team of Shandong Higher Education Institutions","award":["No. 23DGLJ21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 23DGLJ21"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 21CSDJ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 21CSDJ03"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 2021RW021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021RW021"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 523QN214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 523QN214"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 23DGLJ21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 23DGLJ21"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Social Science Planning Research Project","award":["No. 21CSDJ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 21CSDJ03"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Social Science Planning Research Project","award":["No. 2021RW021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021RW021"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Social Science Planning Research Project","award":["No. 523QN214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 523QN214"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Social Science Planning Research Project","award":["No. 23DGLJ21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 23DGLJ21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global total amount of generated solid waste is currently on a rapid growth trend. China, as the largest developing country, promulgated its Pilot Work Plan for the Construction of Zero-Waste Cities led by the new development concept in 2018 after recognizing the inadequacy and urgency of solid waste management, and the lack of valuable experience and benchmark cities for the construction of zero-waste cities. This study uses the undesirable super-efficiency model and kernel density estimation method to measure the efficiency of zero-waste city construction in 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province and analyze their spatial and temporal differences. Three major problems were found, namely, low regional coordination, the rigid policies of some local governments, and the unbalanced development of scale efficiency and pure technical efficiency. Results show that the zero-waste city construction efficiency as a whole shows a declining and then fluctuating growth trend, and that low-scale efficiency is the main reason behind the decrease in construction efficiency. Suggestions are then provided considering three aspects: improving regional synergy; improving government quality and capacity, and strengthening government supervision and revitalizing the market; and introducing social capital for environmental pollution treatment. These suggestions ultimately help improve the level of zero-waste city construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11090473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T04:06:13Z","timestamp":1694750773000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Measuring the Construction Efficiency of Zero-Waste City Clusters Based on an Undesirable Super-Efficiency Model and Kernel Density Estimation Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xuhui","family":"Cong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peikun","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Business School, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5320-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"\u0160aparauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saul\u0117tekio Al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"G\u00f3recki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miroslaw J.","family":"Skibniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kaza, S., Yao, L.C., Bhada-Tata, P., and Van Woerden, F. 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