{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:51:58Z","timestamp":1775487118147,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Foreign Expert Project (Foreign Youth Talent Program)","award":["QN2023014006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2023014006"]}]},{"name":"National Foreign Expert Project (Foreign Youth Talent Program)","award":["QN2023014007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2023014007"]}]},{"name":"National Foreign Expert Project (Foreign Youth Talent Program)","award":["QN2023014008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2023014008"]}]},{"name":"National Foreign Expert Project (Foreign Youth Talent Program)","award":["QN2023014009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2023014009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Change and environmental trends are enormously influencing the globe. Businesses, societies, and people are all attempting to do their part to safeguard the environment. This study examines the impact of supportive leadership on organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCBE) and the mediating effect of psychological empowerment and affective commitment. The survey method was utilized. Data were gathered from 362 employees of the banking and pharmaceutical sectors for the present research. This research employed AMOS-SEM to analyze data and test the formulated hypotheses. The empirical results established that supportive leadership significantly influences workers\u2019 OCBE. The results further corroborate that psychological empowerment and affective commitment mediate between supportive leadership and organizational citizenship behavior for the environment. These findings have vital implications for managers and enterprises that seek to increase their sustainability and organizational citizenship behavior for the environment. This research highlights the significant role of supportive leadership in stimulating psychological empowerment and affective commitment, which in turn affect organizational citizenship behavior for the environment. The present research broadens our understanding of leadership style and its influence on OCBE. The theoretical and managerial implications of organizational environmental sustainability and future research prospects are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11090474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T04:06:13Z","timestamp":1694750773000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Driving Sustainable Change: The Power of Supportive Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Fostering Environmental Responsibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Arif","family":"Jameel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Building and Construction Co., Ltd., No. 33 Xitucheng Road, Beijing 100088, China"}]},{"given":"Abid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Mingxing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2015.0095","article-title":"Similar but not the same: Differentiating corporate sustainability from corporate responsibility","volume":"11","author":"Bansal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Ann."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1108\/02756661211242690","article-title":"Sustainability leadership: From strategy to results","volume":"33","author":"Galpin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bus. Strategy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5465\/19416520.2015.1007651","article-title":"The microfoundations movement in strategy and organization theory","volume":"9","author":"Felin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Ann."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.2307\/1556357","article-title":"The roles of supervisory support behaviors and environmental policy in employee \u201cEcoinitiatives\u201d at leading-edge European companies","volume":"43","author":"Ramus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2013.777934","article-title":"Linking environmental management practices and organizational citizenship behaviour for the environment: A social exchange perspective","volume":"24","author":"Boiral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-013-1732-0","article-title":"The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.1827","article-title":"Motivating employees towards sustainable behaviour","volume":"24","author":"Temminck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Chen, Y., and Liu, J. (2016). Academy of Management Proceedings, Academy of Management.","DOI":"10.5465\/ambpp.2016.15588abstract"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-014-2093-z","article-title":"Empowering employee sustainability: Perceived organizational support toward the environment","volume":"128","author":"Lamm","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priyankara, H.P.R., Luo, F., Saeed, A., Nubuor, S.A., and Jayasuriya, M.P.F. (2018). How does leader\u2019s support for environment promote organizational citizenship behaviour for environment? A multi-theory perspective. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10010271"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"237","article-title":"Developing responsible global leaders through international service-learning programs: The Ulysses experience","volume":"10","author":"Pless","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1S","DOI":"10.1177\/0972150916631069","article-title":"Linking environmentally specific transformational leadership and environmental concern to green behaviour at work","volume":"17","author":"Kura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.02.007","article-title":"Toward a new measure of organizational environmental citizenship behavior","volume":"75","author":"Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683101","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.683101","article-title":"Leadership styles and organizational citizenship behavior for the environment: The mediating role of self-efficacy and psychological ownership","volume":"12","author":"Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, S., Farid, T., Ma, J., Khattak, A., and Nurunnabi, M. (2018). The impact of authentic leadership on organizational citizenship behaviours and the mediating role of corporate social responsibility in the banking sector of Pakistan. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10072170"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.113.4.887","article-title":"Hierarchical schemas and goals in the control of sequential behavior","volume":"113","author":"Cooper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weick, K.E. (2012). Making Sense of the Organization, Volume 2: The Impermanent Organization, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119206453"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.3.309","article-title":"Organizational culture and individual sensemaking: A schema-based perspective","volume":"5","author":"Harris","year":"1994","journal-title":"Organ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11115-021-00521-9","article-title":"Impact of Psychological Capital on Performance of Public Hospital Nurses: The Mediated Role of Job Embeddedness","volume":"22","author":"Irtaza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Organ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.5.1154","article-title":"Perceptions of organizational change: A stress and coping perspective","volume":"91","author":"Rafferty","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1108\/JMD-04-2018-0119","article-title":"Supportive leadership and EVB: The mediating role of employee advocacy and the moderating role of proactive personality","volume":"38","author":"Elsaied","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manag. Dev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00725","article-title":"What is the McGurk effect?","volume":"5","author":"Tiippana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s40926-016-0040-z","article-title":"Making sense of Weick\u2019s organising. A philosophical exploration","volume":"15","author":"Langenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/1534484315603612","article-title":"Affective commitment as a core essence of organizational commitment: An integrative literature review","volume":"14","author":"Mercurio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1108\/SRJ-06-2017-0111","article-title":"Authentic leadership and performance: The mediating role of employees\u2019 affective commitment","volume":"14","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Responsib. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-08-2019-0352","article-title":"A multidimensional analysis of spiritual leadership, affective commitment and employees\u2019 creativity in South Korea","volume":"41","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leadersh. Organ. Dev. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1108\/09534810410530584","article-title":"Transformational leadership, self-efficacy, group cohesiveness, commitment, and performance","volume":"17","author":"Pillai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Organ. Chang. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-09-2017-0229","article-title":"How transformational leadership predicts employees\u2019 affective commitment and performance","volume":"67","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Organizational commitment of information technology professionals: Role of transformational leadership and work-related beliefs","volume":"4","author":"Chandna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tec. J. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"43","article-title":"Impact of transformational leadership style on affective employees\u2019 commitment: An empirical study of banking sector in Islamabad (Pakistan)","volume":"3","author":"Riaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Commer."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"2503","article-title":"Item Generation Stage: Teachers\u2019 Organizational Citizenship Behavior","volume":"29","author":"Ismail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013079","article-title":"Individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors","volume":"94","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1108\/S0742-730120180000036002","article-title":"Organizational citizenship behavior in the 21st century: How might going the extra mile look different at the start of the new millennium?","volume":"Volume 36","author":"Harvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348020963701","article-title":"Linking organizational virtuousness, engagement, and organizational citizenship behavior: The moderating role of individual and organizational factors","volume":"46","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1108\/JMP-06-2017-0220","article-title":"Leader-member exchange and leader identification: Comparison and integration","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Manag. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1108\/S1475-148820220000025003","article-title":"Auditors\u2019 Engagement Team Commitment and Its Effect on Team Citizenship Behavior","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Herda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2015.0099","article-title":"Social exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies","volume":"11","author":"Cropanzano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Ann."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(75)90005-7","article-title":"A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process","volume":"13","author":"Dansereau","year":"1975","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-07-2020-0313","article-title":"Does emotional intelligence and empowering leadership affect psychological empowerment and work engagement?","volume":"41","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leadersh. Organ. Dev. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4631","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-12-2021-1512","article-title":"Employee engagement, its antecedents and effects on business performance in hospitality industry: A multilevel analysis","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1108\/EJIM-10-2019-0294","article-title":"Authentic and transformational leadership and innovative work behaviour: The moderating role of psychological empowerment","volume":"24","author":"Penger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Otaibi, S.M., Amin, M., Winterton, J., Bolt, E.E.T., and Cafferkey, K. (Int. J. Organ. Anal., 2022). The role of empowering leadership and psychological empowerment on nurses\u2019 work engagement and affective commitment, Int. J. Organ. Anal., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOA-11-2021-3049"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/15555240.2015.1047498","article-title":"Relationships among perceived supervisor support, psychological empowerment and employee engagement in Indian workplaces","volume":"30","author":"Jose","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Workplace Behav. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.31328\/jsed.v4i2.2272","article-title":"Institution reinforcement of mosque in social economic empowerment of small traders community","volume":"4","author":"Efiyanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Socioecon. Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.201.2000768","article-title":"Digital twin empowered mobile edge computing for intelligent vehicular lane-changing","volume":"35","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"63","article-title":"The role of perceived development opportunities on affective organizational commitment of older and younger nurses","volume":"49","author":"Salminen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Stud. Manag. Organ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1108\/LHS-03-2017-0016","article-title":"Brazilian nursing professionals: Leadership to generate positive attitudes and behaviours","volume":"32","author":"Araujo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leadersh. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1108\/JHOM-05-2013-0100","article-title":"Investigation of nurses\u2019 intention to leave: A study of a sample of UK nurses","volume":"30","author":"Robson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Health Organ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022227","article-title":"Structural and psychological empowerment climates, performance, and the moderating role of shared felt accountability: A managerial perspective","volume":"96","author":"Wallace","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1080\/09585190802324601","article-title":"Transformational leadership and followers\u2019 attitudes: The mediating role of psychological empowerment","volume":"19","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1177\/0091026020982330","article-title":"The role of goal specificity in the relationship between leadership and empowerment","volume":"50","author":"Jong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Pers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022676","article-title":"Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: A meta-analytic review","volume":"96","author":"Seibert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/01619568609538522","article-title":"On goodness in schools: Themes of empowerment","volume":"63","author":"Lightfoot","year":"1986","journal-title":"Peabody J. Educ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1108\/MRR-05-2018-0194","article-title":"Psychological empowerment and employee attitudinal outcomes: The pivotal role of psychological capital","volume":"42","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manag. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1108\/00483481111118621","article-title":"Linking leadership empowerment behaviour to employee attitudes and behavioural intentions: Testing the mediating role of psychological empowerment","volume":"40","author":"Dewettinck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pers. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Farvour, J.K. (2022). The Relationship Between Supervisor Support for Student-Centered Learning Innovation, Psychological Empowerment, and Innovation Readiness Amongst Faculty at Private Four-Year Colleges, Creighton University."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20294","article-title":"Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover","volume":"48","author":"Avey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/1548051817702078","article-title":"Self-efficacy and psychological ownership mediate the effects of empowering leadership on both good and bad employee behaviors","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Leadersh. Organ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture\u2019s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Sage."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/14783363.2016.1180953","article-title":"Influence of total quality-based human issues on organisational commitment","volume":"29","author":"Mendes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excell."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"125","article-title":"Reducing employee turnover intention through servant leadership in the restaurant context: A mediation study of affective organizational commitment","volume":"19","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Tour. Adm."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-03-2020-0219","article-title":"Does climate for creativity mediate the impact of servant leadership on management innovation and innovative behavior in the hotel industry?","volume":"32","author":"Karatepe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1108\/LHS-06-2020-0034","article-title":"Examining ethical leadership in health care organizations and its impacts on employee work attitudes: An empirical analysis from Austria","volume":"34","author":"Franczukowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leadersh. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1108\/PR-01-2014-0007","article-title":"Factors influencing job performance of nursing staff: Mediating role of affective commitment","volume":"45","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2174\/1874350102013010115","article-title":"Meaningfulness of work and employee engagement: The role of affective commitment","volume":"13","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Psychol. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-019-00340-9","article-title":"Exploring the impact of ethical leadership on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in public sector organizations: The mediating role of psychological empowerment","volume":"14","author":"Qing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Harman, H.H., and Harman, H.H. (1976). Modern Factor Analysis, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2004.02.009","article-title":"Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions","volume":"15","author":"Rafferty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leadersh. Q."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-011-1138-9","article-title":"Organizational citizenship behaviour for the environment: Measurement and validation","volume":"109","author":"Boiral","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02506984","article-title":"An empirical test of a comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace","volume":"23","author":"Spreitzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-02-2017-0107","article-title":"Ethical leadership and work engagement: The roles of psychological empowerment and power distance orientation","volume":"56","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2022.12.012","article-title":"Effect of empowering leadership on work engagement via psychological empowerment: Moderation of cultural orientation","volume":"54","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.4.538","article-title":"Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization","volume":"78","author":"Meyer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshaabani, A., Naz, F., Magda, R., and Rudn\u00e1k, I. (2021). Impact of perceived organizational support on OCB in the time of COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary: Employee engagement and affective commitment as mediators. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13147800"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steele, N.M., Rodgers, B., and Fogarty, G.J. (2020). The relationships of experiencing workplace bullying with mental health, affective commitment, and job satisfaction: Application of the job demands control model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062151"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","article-title":"Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach","volume":"103","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Kline, R.B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Guilford Publications."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"207","article-title":"Multivariate data analysis. Uppersaddle River","volume":"5","author":"Hair","year":"1998","journal-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2307\/2393203","article-title":"Assessing construct validity in organizational research","volume":"36","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Environmentally Specific Servant Leadership and Brand Citizenship Behavior: The Role of Green-Crafting Behavior and Employee-Perceived Meaningful Work","volume":"13","author":"Elshaer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428115598239","article-title":"Tackling the problem of construct proliferation: A guide to assessing the discriminant validity of conceptually related constructs","volume":"19","author":"Shaffer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879","article-title":"Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models","volume":"40","author":"Preacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Z., Wang, Q., and Yan, X. (2019). How responsible leadership motivates employees to engage in organizational citizenship behavior for the environment: A double-mediation model. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11030605"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-015-2548-x","article-title":"Linking corporate policy and supervisory support with environmental citizenship behaviors: The role of employee environmental beliefs and commitment","volume":"137","author":"Raineri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1108\/ICT-10-2018-0086","article-title":"Employer branding: Perceived organisational support and employee retention\u2013the mediating role of organisational commitment","volume":"51","author":"Arasanmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Commer. Train."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1108\/PR-08-2015-0226","article-title":"Ethical leadership, self-efficacy and job satisfaction in China: The moderating role of guanxi","volume":"46","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601111402684","article-title":"Psychological ownership in small family-owned businesses: Leadership style and nonfamily-employees\u2019 work attitudes and behaviors","volume":"36","author":"Bernhard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Group Organ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1017\/jmo.2017.3","article-title":"Impact of inclusive leadership on innovative work behavior: The role of psychological safety","volume":"25","author":"Javed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manag. Organ."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2018.1526297","article-title":"Self-efficacy mechanism at work: The context of environmental volunteer travel","volume":"26","author":"Strzelecka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"531","article-title":"Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects","volume":"12","author":"Podsakoff","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2016.11.020","article-title":"Leadership and creativity: The impact of transformational leadership on individual creativity","volume":"235","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2355","article-title":"Transformational leadership and creativity: A meta-analytic review and identification of an integrated model","volume":"40","author":"Koh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/9\/474\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:51:02Z","timestamp":1760129462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/9\/474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["systems11090474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems11090474","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]}}}