{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T09:26:01Z","timestamp":1784021161631,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Education Department Philosophy and Social Sciences Projects of Higher Education","award":["2022SJYB1508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SJYB1508"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Presently, robotaxi is being tested in cities such as Beijing, Changsha, Guangzhou, etc., and it remains a relatively new mode of transportation for consumers. Considering that robotaxi is a new mobility model, its popularity has an immediate impact on the function and efficiency of urban traffic, so further research on consumers\u2019 perceptions is necessary in order to improve their acceptance of robotaxi. In this study, we explored the behavioral intention of current users of robotaxi based on their performance expectancy, effort expectation, and perceived risk. Based on the results, it appears that performance expectations and effort expectations positively influence usage intentions, which indicates that improving travel efficiency and lowering the threshold for robotaxi use will assist consumers in accepting it. In terms of consumer behavior, perceived risk negatively impacts usage intention, meaning that personal safety, service quality, and travel experience are important factors. Performance expectancy and effort expectancy are positively correlated, indicating that improving travel efficiency and lowering thresholds are complementary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11120559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T03:53:52Z","timestamp":1701230032000},"page":"559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Does Robotaxi Offer a Positive Travel Experience? A Study of the Key Factors That Influence Consumers\u2019 Use of the Robotaxi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4020-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9810-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Arts & Design, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1852-2811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Textile Garment and Design, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2020.06.012","article-title":"Why travelers trust and accept self-driving cars: An empirical study","volume":"22","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2022.101971","article-title":"Personality and the autonomous vehicle: Overcoming psychological barriers to the driverless car","volume":"69","author":"Hamburger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Microcomputer (2022, May 06). Driverless Overtaking on a Curve in China. Available online: https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1743095020214119806&wfr=spider&for=pc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.05.034","article-title":"Automated vehicles and the city of tomorrow: A backcasting approach","volume":"94","author":"Stead","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.04.003","article-title":"Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: Opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations","volume":"77","author":"Fagnant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1177\/0266666915597546","article-title":"The influence of learning value on learning management system use: An extension of utaut2","volume":"32","author":"Ain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.07.015","article-title":"Using the utaut2 model to explain public acceptance of conditionally automated (l3) cars: A questionnaire study among 9,118 car drivers from eight european countries","volume":"74","author":"Nordhoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jengtecman.2018.04.006","article-title":"Trust in driverless cars: Investigating key factors influencing the adoption of driverless cars","volume":"48","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eng. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.04.014","article-title":"Public opinion on automated driving: Results of an international questionnaire among 5000 respondents","volume":"32","author":"Kyriakidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.01.001","article-title":"A structural equation modeling approach for the acceptance of driverless automated shuttles based on constructs from the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and the diffusion of innovation theory","volume":"78","author":"Nordhoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2022.102101","article-title":"Predictors of contact tracing app adoption: Integrating the utaut, hbm and contextual factors","volume":"71","author":"Bol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"204","article-title":"Research note: The influence of perceived risk on brand preference for supermarket products","volume":"62","author":"Dunn","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Wakabayashi, D. (2022, July 15). Self-Driving Uber Car Kills Arizona Pedestrian, Where Robots Roam. Available online: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/03\/19\/technology\/uber-driverless-fatality.html."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2018.04.002","article-title":"The effects of positive and negative information on consumers\u2019 willingness to ride in a driverless vehicle","volume":"72","author":"Anania","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-4858(15)30100-8","article-title":"Connected cars\u2014The next targe tfor hackers","volume":"2015","author":"Ring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/518020a","article-title":"Autonomous vehicles: No drivers required","volume":"518","author":"Waldrop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.11.040","article-title":"Public perceptions and acceptance of nuclear energy in china: The role of public knowledge, perceived benefit, perceived risk and public engagement","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"244","article-title":"Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research","volume":"6","author":"Fishbein","year":"1977","journal-title":"Philos. Rhetor."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.03.019","article-title":"Driving without the brain? Effects of value predispositions, media attention, and science knowledge on public willingness to use driverless cars in singapore","volume":"71","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103132","article-title":"The potential impact of media commentary and social influence on consumer preferences for driverless cars","volume":"127","author":"Ghasri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/41410412","article-title":"Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology","volume":"36","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1108\/SJME-12-2019-0109","article-title":"Understanding the intention to revisit a destination by expanding the theory of planned behaviour (tpb)","volume":"25","author":"Abbasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Span. J. Mark.-ESIC"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM1001_6","article-title":"Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: Some support for the n:Q hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02298","article-title":"Item-score reliability as a selection tool in test construction","volume":"9","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575","article-title":"An index of factorial simplicity","volume":"39","author":"Kaiser","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Norusis, M. (1998). SPSS Professional Statistics, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osborne, J.W. (2008). Best Practices in Quantitative Methods, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412995627"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Harman, H. (1960). Modern Factor Analysis, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/002224379803500211","article-title":"Learning and performance orientation of salespeople: The role of supervisors","volume":"35","author":"Kohli","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2011.01.006","article-title":"Exploring the online buying behavior of specialty food shoppers","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"358","article-title":"Logistic service quality as a mediator between logistics capabilities and customer satisfaction","volume":"25","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Gest."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014694","article-title":"Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: An overview and some recommendations","volume":"14","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Kline, R.B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Guilford Publications. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Whittaker, T.A. (2011). A Beginner\u2019s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling, Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.11.006","article-title":"The role of experience and innovation characteristics in the adoption and continued use of e-learning websites","volume":"51","author":"Liao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.02.008","article-title":"User acceptance of automated public transport: Valence of an autonomous minibus experience","volume":"70","author":"Bernhard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.07.007","article-title":"What influences the decision to use automated public transport? Using utaut to understand public acceptance of automated road transport systems","volume":"50","author":"Madigan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.10.003","article-title":"Public acceptance of driver state monitoring for automated vehicles: Applying the utaut framework","volume":"83","author":"Smyth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2019.100994","article-title":"Investigation of acceptance of driverless buses in the city of trikala and optimization of the service using conjoint analysis","volume":"62","author":"Papadima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Util. Policy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.105991","article-title":"Factors that influence parents\u2019 intentions of using autonomous vehicles to transport children to and from school","volume":"152","author":"Jing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102243","article-title":"Consumer intentions for alternative fuelled and autonomous vehicles: A segmentation analysis across six countries","volume":"79","author":"Potoglou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2019.101145","article-title":"Do gender and age affect willingness to ride in driverless vehicles: If so, then why?","volume":"58","author":"Rice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/12\/559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:33:03Z","timestamp":1760131983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/12\/559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["systems11120559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems11120559","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]}}}