{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:37:05Z","timestamp":1762353425166,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["72274178","22YJCZH218","BIPTACF-012","BPHR202203095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72274178","22YJCZH218","BIPTACF-012","BPHR202203095"]}]},{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Project, Ministry of Education in China","award":["72274178","22YJCZH218","BIPTACF-012","BPHR202203095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72274178","22YJCZH218","BIPTACF-012","BPHR202203095"]}]},{"name":"Award Cultivation Foundation from Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology","award":["72274178","22YJCZH218","BIPTACF-012","BPHR202203095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72274178","22YJCZH218","BIPTACF-012","BPHR202203095"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Young Talents Project of Beijing University Teacher Team Construction Support Plan","award":["72274178","22YJCZH218","BIPTACF-012","BPHR202203095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72274178","22YJCZH218","BIPTACF-012","BPHR202203095"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to quantitatively evaluate the sustainability of bus low-fare policy, this study establishes a sustainability evaluation index system for bus low-fare policy by using the PSR (Pressure\u2013State\u2013Response) model. Based on the matter\u2013element extension model and entropy weight method, the sustainability evaluation model of bus low-fare policy is constructed. Finally, taking Shenzhen as an example, this study compares and analyzes the sustainability changes of bus fare policy in 2006, 2012 and 2016. The results show that the sustainability of the bus fare policy does not depend on the attribute of the fare (profit-making fares or public welfare fares): the sustainability of bus low-fare policy is closely related to the supporting fiscal subsidy system. Compared with the cost regulation subsidy system, the quota subsidy system is more conducive to the sustainability of bus low-fare policy. This study provides a decision-making reference for the sustainable development of urban bus low-fare policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11120568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T03:48:41Z","timestamp":1701834521000},"page":"568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sustainability Assessment of Bus Low-Fare Policy Considering Three Stakeholders of the Public, Bus Enterprises and Government: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Di","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China"}]},{"given":"Liqun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Jinpei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Chunqin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2008.10.002","article-title":"A review of issues in transit economics","volume":"23","author":"Gwilliam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"90","article-title":"Parking versus public transport subsidies: Case study of Nanjing, China","volume":"8","author":"Fei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Li, R., Yang, X., and Shi, Q. (2002). Study of urban public transportation finance subsidy policy abroad. Urban Stud., 3."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.11.002","article-title":"Does technical efficiency play a mediating role between bus facility scale and ridership attraction? Evidence from bus practices in China","volume":"132","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"76","article-title":"Multivariate time-series model of transit ridership based on historical, aggregate data: The past, present, and future of Honolulu","volume":"1297","author":"McLeod","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dam.2012.02.027","article-title":"Models for fare planning in public transport","volume":"160","author":"Karbstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Discret. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.09.019","article-title":"Causal effects between bus revenue vehicle-kilometers and bus ridership","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"28","article-title":"Microscopic Analysis on Current Situation of Public Transport Enterprises-Based on The Survey Data","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Public Transp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2020.04.002","article-title":"A modelling platform for optimizing time-dependent transit fares in large-scale multimodal networks","volume":"92","author":"Kamel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.04.002","article-title":"Time-dependent transit fare optimization with elastic and spatially distributed demand","volume":"148","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2019.100796","article-title":"Optimal fares and frequencies for bus services in a small city","volume":"80","author":"Asplund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3141\/1792-02","article-title":"Sustainable urban transport in the 21st century: A new agenda","volume":"1792","author":"Schipper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-016-0705-0","article-title":"Public transportation and sustainability: A review","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100956","article-title":"Public transport equity with the concept of time-dependent accessibility using Geostatistics methods, Lorenz curves, and Gini coefficients","volume":"11","author":"Raza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2023.107263","article-title":"Evaluation of urban public transport sustainability in China based on the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework\u2014A case study of 36 major cities","volume":"103","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.02.012","article-title":"Analyzing the sustainability performance of public transit","volume":"44","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, L., Wu, F., Zhu, Y., Luo, Q., Luo, F., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Research on the Coupling Coordination Relationship between Urban Rail Transit System and Sustainable Urban Development. Systems, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10040110"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2023.104100","article-title":"Balancing convenience and sustainability in public transport through dynamic transit bus networks","volume":"151","author":"Abdelwahed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2016.12.001","article-title":"Getting smart about urban mobility\u2014Aligning the paradigms of smart and sustainable","volume":"115","author":"Lyons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2009.10.008","article-title":"Promoting public transport as a subscription service: Effects of a free month travel card","volume":"16","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2008.06.007","article-title":"Nature and\/or nurture? Analyzing the determinants of transit ridership across US urbanized areas","volume":"43","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098010379280","article-title":"What affects transit ridership? A dynamic analysis involving multiple factors, lags and asymmetric behaviour","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2010.12.005","article-title":"Estimating multimodal transit ridership with a varying fare structure","volume":"45","author":"Gkritza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2010.09.009","article-title":"Rarely enjoyed? A count data analysis of ridership in Germany\u2019s public transport","volume":"18","author":"Frondel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.04.018","article-title":"Impact evaluation of a mass transit fare change on demand and revenue utilizing smart card data","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2019.02.004","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of public transport fare policy change and built and non-built environment features on ridership: The case in South East Queensland, Australia","volume":"76","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.03.001","article-title":"Public transport fare elasticities from smartcard data: Evidence from a natural experimen","volume":"105","author":"Kholodov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"8","article-title":"Effects of fares on transit riding","volume":"213","author":"Curtin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Highw. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02125332","article-title":"Transit pricing research","volume":"17","author":"Cervero","year":"1990","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2012.01.015","article-title":"The impact of fare integration on travel behavior and transit ridership","volume":"21","author":"Sharaby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2012.11.005","article-title":"Quality attributes of public transport that attract car users: A research review","volume":"25","author":"Redman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2018.01.002","article-title":"Cost and fare estimation for the bus transit system of Santiago","volume":"64","author":"Batarce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2008.06.003","article-title":"Concessionary fares and bus operator reimbursement in Scotland and Wales: No better or no worse off?","volume":"15","author":"Rye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2015.10.001","article-title":"Performance evaluation of public transit systems using a combined evaluation method","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.11.006","article-title":"An incentive mechanism design for bus subsidy based on the route service level","volume":"119","author":"Ling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-070X(95)00022-I","article-title":"Verkehrsverbund: The success of regional public transport in Germany, Austria and Switzerland","volume":"2","author":"Pucher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2019.05.005","article-title":"On the interaction between public transport demand, service quality and fare for social welfare optimisation","volume":"76","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.09.057","article-title":"Evaluating water resource sustainability in Beijing, China: Combining PSR model and matter-element extension method","volume":"206","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"172","article-title":"An Evaluation Analysis of Urban Entrepreneurship Environment Based on PSR Model: Case of Wuhan","volume":"2017","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Soft Science"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"31","article-title":"Driving Force-State-Response Evaluation Method of Enterprise Green Innovation","volume":"37","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., and Chen, X. (2016, January 6\u20139). Evaluation of urban rail transit sustainable development based on the PSR model. Proceedings of the 16th COTA International Conference of Transportation Shanghai, 1941\u20131950, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784479896.177"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2019.1592369","article-title":"Accounting for air pollution emissions and transport policy in the measurement of the efficiency and effectiveness of bus transits","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2023.103728","article-title":"Substitutes or complements? Examining effects of urban rail transit on bus ridership using longitudinal city-level data","volume":"174","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2018.09.003","article-title":"Is Uber a substitute or complement for public transit?","volume":"108","author":"Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103125","article-title":"The influence of ride-hailing on travel frequency and mode choice","volume":"101","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2010.07.009","article-title":"The effect of governmental subsidies and the contractual model on the publicly-owned bus sector in Japan","volume":"29","author":"Sakai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2012.758454","article-title":"The Relationship between Bus Contract Costs, User Perceived Service Quality and Performance Assessment","volume":"8","author":"Hensher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2016.04.003","article-title":"The importance of service quality attributes in public transportation: Narrowing the gap between scientific research and practitioners\u2019 needs","volume":"49","author":"Guirao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2017.1283835","article-title":"Quality of public transport service: An integrative review and research agenda","volume":"11","author":"Ojo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.10.017","article-title":"Revisiting the interactions between bus service quality, car ownership and mode use: A case study in Changzhou, China","volume":"154","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2020.1839716","article-title":"An integrated approach to system dynamics and data envelopment analysis for determining efficient policies and forecasting travel demand in an urban transport system","volume":"14","author":"Izadbakhsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2005.11.004","article-title":"Understanding repetitive travel mode choices in a stable context: A panel study approach","volume":"40","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00177696","article-title":"Effects of subsidies on urban public transport","volume":"9","author":"Bly","year":"1980","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/03081069108717446","article-title":"Measuring the Decline in Transit Productivity in the U.S","volume":"15","author":"Lave","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transp. Plan. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02886090","article-title":"Extension theory and its application","volume":"44","author":"Cai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.mel.9100093","article-title":"An application of AHP on transhipment port selection: A global perspective","volume":"6","author":"Lirn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Marit. Econ. Logist."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1080\/19648189.2016.1150895","article-title":"Evaluation of water quality with application of Bayes\u2019 rule and entropy weight method","volume":"21","author":"Sahoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.12.114","article-title":"Revealing the Benefits of Entropy Weights Method for Multi-Objective Optimization in Machining Operations: A Critical Review","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Statistics Bureau of Guangdong Province (2023). Guangdong Statistical Yearbook, China Statistics Press."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bus transit subsidy under China\u2019s transit metropolis initiative: The case of Shenzhen","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Statistics Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality (2017). Shenzhen Statistical Yearbook, China Statistics Press."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"59","article-title":"Subsidy policies and operational efficiency of bus transit in Shenzhen","volume":"2015","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Soft Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"155","article-title":"impacts of subsidies on the costs of urban public transport","volume":"71","author":"Pucher","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Transp. Econ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2013.820994","article-title":"Key research themes on ICT and sustainable urban mobility","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/12\/568\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:33:46Z","timestamp":1760132026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/11\/12\/568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["systems11120568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems11120568","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]}}}