{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:28:08Z","timestamp":1777912088766,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science &amp; ICT","award":["2022-0-000932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-0-000932"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science &amp; ICT","award":["RS-2023-00251394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00251394"]}]},{"name":"Korea Government","award":["2022-0-000932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-0-000932"]}]},{"name":"Korea Government","award":["RS-2023-00251394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00251394"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disaster management requires efficient allocation of essential facilities with consideration of various objectives. During the response and recovery phase of disaster management (RRDM), various types of missions occur in multiple periods, and each of them needs different support from facilities. In this study, a bi-objective mathematical model was derived to support multi-period RRDM by optimal allocation of required facilities such as drone stations, shelters, emergency medical facilities, and warehouses according to the mission life cycle. Connectivity between facilities was considered to ensure inter-facility complementarity. For efficient derivation of Pareto solutions, a modified epsilon-constraint algorithm for bi-objective optimization was developed. The algorithm was tested with a realistic disaster simulation scenario using HAZUS 4.0 as a demonstration of the benefits of the proposed approach. With the simulation experiments, the proposed approach was expected to provide efficient operational plans and guidelines to decision makers for the bi-objective optimization problem in RRDM systems. In addition, the consideration of inter-facility connectivity can play an important role in the RRDM, especially for robustness and readiness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12030069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T11:28:47Z","timestamp":1708601327000},"page":"69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Integrated System Design for Post-Disaster Management: Multi-Facility, Multi-Period, and Bi-Objective Optimization Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Byung Duk","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial and Management Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungbum","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seokcheon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster (CERD) (2023, October 16). The Economic and Human Impact of Disasters in the Last 10 Years. EM_DAT Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.unisdr.org\/files\/42862_economichumanimpact20052014unisdr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Waugh, W.L., and Hy, R.J. (1990). Handbook of Emergency Management: Programs and Policies Dealing with Major Hazards and Disasters, Greenwood Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Green, W.G. (2002). Electronic Encyclopedia of Civil Defense and Emergency Management, FEMA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.05.016","article-title":"OR\/MS research in disaster operations management","volume":"175","author":"Altay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Frost, S. (2023, January 26). Study Analysing the Current Activities in the Field of Uav. ENTR\/2007\/065. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/docsroom\/documents\/1706\/attachments\/1\/translations\/en\/renditions\/native."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Vincenzi, D.A., Ison, D.C., and Terwilliger, B.A. (2014, January 12). The role of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in disaster response and recovery efforts: Historical, current, and future. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-015-0280-5","article-title":"Rolling Horizon Path Planning of an Autonomous System of UAVs for Persistent Cooperative Service: MILP Formulation and Efficient Heuristics","volume":"84","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2008.07.032","article-title":"Evacuation planning using multiobjective evolutionary optimization approach","volume":"198","author":"Saadatseresht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2615(91)90037-J","article-title":"A location-allocation model and algorithm for evacuation planning under hurricane\/flood conditions","volume":"25","author":"Sherali","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"4237","article-title":"Shelter location-allocation model for flood evacuation planning","volume":"6","author":"Kongsomsaksakul","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2008.01097.x","article-title":"A GIS-based model to determine site suitability of emergency evacuation shelters","volume":"12","author":"Kar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2005.02.025","article-title":"Extensions to emergency vehicle location models","volume":"33","author":"Alsalloum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2006.04.003","article-title":"A multiperiod set covering location model for dynamic redeployment of ambulances","volume":"35","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Paluzzi, M. (2004, January 14\u201319). Testing a heuristic P-median location allocation model for siting emergency service facilities. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/07408170500539113","article-title":"A modeling framework for facility location of medical services for large-scale emergencies","volume":"39","author":"Jia","year":"2007","journal-title":"IIE Trans."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.08.011","article-title":"Location, capacity and capability design of emergency medical centers with multiple emergency diseases","volume":"101","author":"Ko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(00)00021-7","article-title":"Optimized resource allocation for emergency response after earthquake disasters","volume":"35","author":"Fiedrich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1145\/1226736.1226763","article-title":"Agent-based systems for disaster management","volume":"50","author":"Fiedrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-017-2680-3","article-title":"Dynamic temporary blood facility location-allocation during and post-disaster periods","volume":"283","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13675560500453667","article-title":"Inventory modelling for complex emergencies in humanitarian relief operations","volume":"9","author":"Beamon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Logist. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2011.07.016","article-title":"A math-heuristic for the warehouse location\u2013routing problem in disaster relief","volume":"42","author":"Rath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-013-5379-x","article-title":"A multi-objective relief chain location distribution model for urban disaster management","volume":"70","author":"Barzinpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2009.10.004","article-title":"Stochastic optimization of medical supply location and distribution in disaster management","volume":"126","author":"Mete","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2016.05.048","article-title":"The latency location-routing problem","volume":"255","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120142","article-title":"Introducing a novel multi-objective optimization model for Volunteer as-signment in the post-disaster phase: Combining fuzzy inference systems with NSGA-II and NRGA","volume":"226","author":"Rabiei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2023.103025","article-title":"Two-stage distributionally robust optimization for disaster relief logistics under option contract and demand ambiguity","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apvrille, L., Tanzi, T., and Dugelay, J.-L. (2014, January 16\u201323). Autonomous drones for assisting rescue services within the context of natural disasters. Proceedings of the 2014 XXXIth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/URSIGASS.2014.6929384"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezequiel CA, F., Cua, M., Libatique, N.C., Tangonan, G.L., Alampay, R., Labuguen, R.T., Favila, C.M., Honrado, J.L.E., Ca\u00f1os, V., and Devaney, C. (2014, January 27\u201330). UAV aerial imaging applications for post-disaster assessment, environmental management and infrastructure development. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2014.6842266"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Mersheeva, V., and Friedrich, G. (2012, January 27\u201331). Routing for continuous monitoring by multiple micro UAVs in disaster scenarios. Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Montpellier, France."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2013.10.002","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle-aided communications system for disaster recovery","volume":"41","author":"Tuna","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-013-9958-8","article-title":"On the concerted design and scheduling of multiple resources for persistent UAV operations","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bor-Yaliniz, R.I., El-Keyi, A., and Yanikomeroglu, H. (2016, January 22\u201327). Efficient 3-D placement of an aerial base station in next generation cellular networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2016.7510820"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-018-3114-6","article-title":"Stochastic facility location model for drones considering uncertain flight distance","volume":"283","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2021.07.006","article-title":"Efficient deployment of UAVs for disaster management: A multi-criterion optimization approach","volume":"177","author":"Masroor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-01-2021-0064","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of drones in emergency situations: A hybrid multi-criteria approach","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Manag. Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-018-2758-6","article-title":"Robust reliable humanitarian relief network design: An integration of shelter and supply facility location","volume":"283","author":"Yahyaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2307\/3135008","article-title":"Decision Support Systems for Disaster Management","volume":"45","author":"Wallace","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Adm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1108\/09653560610669882","article-title":"An integrated approach to natural disaster management: Public project management and its critical success factors","volume":"15","author":"Moe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disaster Prev. Manag. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/13675560701561789","article-title":"Facility location in humanitarian relief","volume":"11","author":"Balcik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Logist. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Coppola, D.P. (2006). Introduction to International Disaster Management, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.07.010","article-title":"Restoring infrastructure systems: An integrated network design and scheduling (INDS) problem","volume":"223","author":"Nurre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00201.x","article-title":"The golden hour: Scientific fact or medical \u201curban legend\u201d?","volume":"8","author":"Lerner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.117855","article-title":"Toward flexible and persistent UAV service: Multi-period and multi-objective system design with task assignment for disaster management","volume":"206","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2023, October 18). Guide for Interfacility Patient Transfer, Available online: https:\/\/www.ems.gov\/assets\/Interfacility_Transfers.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(82)90058-9","article-title":"On the characterization of noninferior solutions of the vector optimization problem","volume":"18","author":"Chankong","year":"1982","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2013.08.001","article-title":"An exact solution approach for multi-objective location\u2013transportation problem for disaster response","volume":"41","author":"Abounacer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1080\/01605682.2020.1745702","article-title":"Redesign of reverse logistics network with managerial decisions on the minimum quality level and remanufacturing policy","volume":"72","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136826","article-title":"A multi-objective risk-constrained approach for capturing and recycling carbon dioxide in multi-energy combined heat and power microgrids","volume":"405","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2023, September 21). Hazus, Available online: https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/hazus."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3141\/2333-02","article-title":"Formulation and algorithms for discrete minimum-cost group assembly problem","volume":"2333","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/12\/3\/69\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:03:17Z","timestamp":1760104997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/12\/3\/69"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["systems12030069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems12030069","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]}}}