{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T20:30:01Z","timestamp":1771965001816,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["22YJAZH124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJAZH124"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elucidating the impacts of service industry\u2019s agglomeration on the optimization of industrial structures holds paramount significance in advancing urban economic growth and fostering the coordinated and sustainable development of city economies. This study leverages panel data encompassing 251 prefecture-level cities spanning from 2003 to 2019, employing a spatial Dubin model to scrutinize the influence of distinct types of service industry agglomeration on industrial structure optimization. The results show that specialized agglomeration within the service sector significantly inhibits the rationalization of industrial structures and their underlying fundamentals. Conversely, heightened levels of agglomeration in diversified service industries facilitate the rationalization of industrial structure, predominantly driven by regional spatial spillover effects. Further analysis reveals heterogeneity in service industry agglomeration across cities of varying sizes concerning industrial structure optimization, notably accentuating underutilized spatial spillover effects in smaller cities. In light of these insights, this paper advocates for cities to capitalize on the agglomeration and spillover effects between the service industry and other sectors, strategically selecting optimal service industry agglomeration modes to propel industrial structure optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12030085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T08:43:14Z","timestamp":1709714594000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spatial Effects of Service Industry\u2019s Heterogeneous Agglomeration on Industrial Structure Optimization: Evidence from China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7520-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Resource-Based Economic Transformation and Development, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Resource-Based Economic Transformation and Development, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2016.03.014","article-title":"Where will China\u2019s real estate market go under the economy\u2019s new normal?","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140826","article-title":"Economic transition and industrial sulfur dioxide emissions in the Chinese economy","volume":"744","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.07.034","article-title":"Realizing China\u2019s goals on energy saving and pollution reduction: Industrial structure multi-objective optimization approach","volume":"122","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.12.090","article-title":"Optimization of low-carbon hydrogen supply chain networks in industrial clusters","volume":"48","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.09.020","article-title":"Energy efficiency of Chinese service sector and its regional differences","volume":"168","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121320","article-title":"Exploring the effect of producer services agglomeration on China\u2019s energy efficiency under environmental constraints","volume":"263","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1068\/a240467","article-title":"Optimum producer-service location","volume":"24","author":"Lentnek","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069300000025","article-title":"Introduction: The Role of Services in Regional Economic Growth","volume":"13","author":"Illeris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Serv. Ind. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2012.10.047","article-title":"Optimizing the industrial structure of a watershed in association with economic\u2013environmental consideration: An inexact fuzzy multi-objective programming model","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2022.102725","article-title":"Decarbonisation of industrial clusters: A place-based research agenda","volume":"91","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.02.031","article-title":"Does the digital economy reduce air pollution in China? A perspective from industrial agglomeration","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2021.105704","article-title":"How does industrial structure adjustment reduce CO2 emissions? Spatial and mediation effects analysis for China","volume":"105","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2022.105878","article-title":"Industrial clustering, income and inequality in rural China","volume":"154","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2021.01.017","article-title":"Industrial clusters, networks and resilience to the COVID-19 shock in China","volume":"183","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbz038","article-title":"Clustering, growth and inequality in China","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.05.048","article-title":"Design of industrial clusters and optimization of land use in an airport economic zone","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land. Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2020.109003","article-title":"Structural characteristics of industrial clusters and regional innovation","volume":"188","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2020.101681","article-title":"Does industrial clustering mitigate the sensitivity of firm relocation to tax differentials? The role of financing","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181-011-0510-z","article-title":"Does growth cause structural change, or is it the other way around? A dynamic panel data analysis for seven OECD countries","volume":"43","author":"Dietrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Empir. Econ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.328","article-title":"Rising labour cost, environmental regulation and manufacturing restructuring of Chinese cities","volume":"214","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strueco.2020.04.013","article-title":"Directed technological progress driven by diversified industrial structural change","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Struct. Chang. Econ. D"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.3.1195","article-title":"What Causes Industry Agglomeration? Evidence from Coagglomeration Patterns","volume":"100","author":"Ellison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2011.06.005","article-title":"Highly innovative small technology firms, industrial clusters and firm internationalization","volume":"40","author":"Libaers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2009.04.004","article-title":"Do firms in clusters invest in R&D more intensively? Theory and evidence from multi-country data","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2022.104691","article-title":"Geographic clusters, regional productivity and resource reallocation across firms: Evidence from China","volume":"52","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134872","article-title":"Reshaping Chinese rural skilled workers flow in urban industrial clusters for clean air","volume":"380","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2016.01.014","article-title":"Urban innovation, regional externalities of foreign direct investment and industrial agglomeration: Evidence from Chinese cities","volume":"45","author":"Ning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2023.01.026","article-title":"Clan culture and patterns of industrial specialization in China","volume":"207","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume, Macmillan."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0080(04)80005-1","article-title":"Chapter 48 Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies","volume":"4","author":"Duranton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Handb. Reg. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.12.003","article-title":"How does City-cluster high-speed rail facilitate regional integration? Evidence from the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor","volume":"85","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131675","article-title":"Industrial agglomeration and industrial SO2 emissions in China\u2019s 285 cities: Evidence from multiple agglomeration types","volume":"353","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098015597642","article-title":"Stretching the concept of \u2018borrowed size\u2019","volume":"54","author":"Meijers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban. Stud."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2020.100867","article-title":"Can industrial agglomeration achieve the emission-reduction effect?","volume":"75","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1006\/juec.1999.2143","article-title":"Economic Structure and Local Growth: France, 1984\u20131993","volume":"47","author":"Combes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.102801","article-title":"The spatial integration and coordinated industrial development of urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. (1969). The Economy of Cities, Random House."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.09.273","article-title":"The effects of urban agglomeration economies on carbon emissions: Evidence from Chinese cities","volume":"172","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jce.2013.06.005","article-title":"Does services liberalization affect manufacturing firms\u2019 export performance? Evidence from India","volume":"42","author":"Bas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2016.04.009","article-title":"Do industrial and geographic diversifications have different effects on earnings management? Evidence from UK mergers and acquisitions","volume":"46","author":"Vasilescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Financ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1944-8287.2012.01170.x","article-title":"The Emergence of New Industries at the Regional Level in S pain: A Proximity Approach Based on Product Relatedness","volume":"89","author":"Boschma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1190(03)00073-1","article-title":"Intercity trade and the industrial diversification of cities","volume":"54","author":"Anas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Urban. Econ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ememar.2012.06.001","article-title":"The value impact of international and industrial diversifications on public-listed firms in Malaysia","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Mark. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesage, J.P. (2014). What Regional Scientists Need to Know about Spatial Econometrics, Texas State University.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2420725"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104610","article-title":"How land transfer marketization influence on green total factor productivity from the approach of industrial structure? Evidence from China","volume":"95","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.07.246","article-title":"Industrial structural upgrading and spatial optimization based on water environment carrying capacity","volume":"165","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105390","article-title":"Study the effect of industrial structure optimization on urban land-use efficiency in China","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land. Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/00343400600868754","article-title":"Regional Specialization in the European Union","volume":"40","author":"Ezcurra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.03.005","article-title":"The Implications of Industrial Development for Diversification of Fuels","volume":"137","author":"Safarzynska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.102906","article-title":"Industrial structure or agency: What affects regional economic resilience? Evidence from resource-based cities in China","volume":"106","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Xiaobo, Z. (2019). China Innovation and Entrepreneurship Index, Peking University Open Research Data Platform."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeSage, P.J., and Pace, K.R. (2009). Introduction to Spatial Econometrics, Chapman & Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420064254"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102993","article-title":"Differential decomposition of total-factor energy efficiency in Chinese coal mining cities considering environmental constraints: A dynamic and static perspective","volume":"79","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109476","article-title":"Tourism circular economy: Identification and measurement of tourism industry ecologization","volume":"144","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111558","article-title":"The optimization of regional industrial structure under the water-energy constraint: A case study on Hebei Province in China","volume":"143","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2023.113793","article-title":"Industrial agglomeration and energy efficiency: A new perspective from market integration","volume":"183","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.119949","article-title":"Impacts of industrial structure and technical progress on carbon emission intensity: Evidence from 281 cities in China","volume":"154","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114322","article-title":"Carbon emissions, the industrial structure and economic growth: Evidence from heterogeneous industries in China","volume":"262","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124075","article-title":"Reverification of the \u201cresource curse\u201d hypothesis based on industrial agglomeration: Evidence from China","volume":"275","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munday, M., Huggins, R., Cai, W., Kapitsinis, N., and Roberts, A. (2024). The transformative potential of inward investment on industrial cluster development: The case of the semiconductor industry in Wales. Eur. Plan. Stud., 2319704.","DOI":"10.1080\/09654313.2024.2319704"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132520926587","article-title":"Rethinking cluster evolution: Actors, institutional configurations, and new path development","volume":"45","author":"Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Hum. Geog."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbac035","article-title":"Agglomeration effects in a developing economy: Evidence from Turkey","volume":"23","author":"Ozguzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Econ. Geogr."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/12\/3\/85\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:10:10Z","timestamp":1760105410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/12\/3\/85"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["systems12030085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems12030085","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]}}}