{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T22:54:34Z","timestamp":1773183274608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71972136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71972136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JDTD0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JDTD0022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["71972136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71972136"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2022JDTD0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JDTD0022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Considering the characteristics of both quality and quantity losses in fresh produce as well as the existence of spot markets, optimal retailer ordering, pricing, and freshness-keeping decisions through the single ordering policy (firm ordering only or option ordering only) and the mixed ordering policy (firm ordering and option ordering simultaneously) are constructed based on option contracts and analyzed for the retailer under different ordering policies. The results show that there is a unique optimal pricing, ordering, and freshness-keeping decision under all three ordering policies, but there is no joint decision. The optimal freshness-keeping and retail price under the mixed ordering policy are lower than those under the option ordering only but higher than those under the firm ordering only. When only a single order can be placed, the retailer\u2019s optimal ordering policy is determined by demand risk. When all three ordering policies are available, the optimal ordering policy for the retailer is the mixed ordering policy. A spot market will weaken the role of option contracts in mitigating supply chain risks, and the larger the risk, the more significant the role of the spot market.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12050150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T08:18:27Z","timestamp":1714119507000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fresh Produce Ordering, Pricing and Freshness-Keeping Decisions with Call Option Contracts and Spot Markets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5452-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deng","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business and Tourism, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business and Tourism, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.2009.01096.x","article-title":"Optimization and Coordination of Fresh Product Supply Chains with Freshness-Keeping Effort","volume":"19","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prod. 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