{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:41Z","timestamp":1760144741002,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VERSES AI"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we explore the known connection among sustainability, resilience, and well-being within the framework of active inference. Initially, we revisit how the notions of well-being and resilience intersect within active inference before defining sustainability. We adopt a holistic concept of sustainability denoting the enduring capacity to meet needs over time without depleting crucial resources. It extends beyond material wealth to encompass community networks, labor, and knowledge. Using the free energy principle, we can emphasize the role of fostering resource renewal, harmonious system\u2013entity exchanges, and practices that encourage self-organization and resilience as pathways to achieving sustainability both as an agent and as a part of a collective. We start by connecting active inference with well-being, building on existing work. We then attempt to link resilience with sustainability, asserting that resilience alone is insufficient for sustainable outcomes. While crucial for absorbing shocks and stresses, resilience must be intrinsically linked with sustainability to ensure that adaptive capacities do not merely perpetuate existing vulnerabilities. Rather, it should facilitate transformative processes that address the root causes of unsustainability. Sustainability, therefore, must manifest across extended timescales and all system strata, from individual components to the broader system, to uphold ecological integrity, economic stability, and social well-being. We explain how sustainability manifests at the level of an agent and then at the level of collectives and systems. To model and quantify the interdependencies between resources and their impact on overall system sustainability, we introduce the application of network theory and dynamical systems theory. We emphasize the optimization of precision or learning rates through the active inference framework, advocating for an approach that fosters the elastic and plastic resilience necessary for long-term sustainability and abundance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12050163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T13:27:00Z","timestamp":1715002020000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sustainability under Active Inference"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mahault","family":"Albarracin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement d\u2019Informatique, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1N8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Ramstead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK"}]},{"given":"Riddhi J.","family":"Pitliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Hipolito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}]},{"given":"Lancelot","family":"Da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4073-7440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Raffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business, Law, Economics and Consumption, IULM University, 20143 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Constant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Sarah Grace","family":"Manski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Web Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 89114, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-006-9120-5","article-title":"A modeling system for the evaluation of water resources management strategies in Thessaly, Greece","volume":"21","author":"Loukas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wassie, S.B. (2020). Natural resource degradation tendencies in Ethiopia: A review. Environ. Syst. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40068-020-00194-1"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Crowther, D., and Seifi, S. Developing sustainability through collaborative action. Proceedings of the the Components of Sustainable Development: Engagement and Partnership."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1021\/es040394k","article-title":"Framing the elusive concept of sustainability: A sustainability hierarchy","volume":"39","author":"Marshall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"54","article-title":"Economical stability of society: Forecast models of unsustainable development","volume":"20","author":"Rudenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stud. Univ. Vasile Goldis Ser. Stiinte Econ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.12.077","article-title":"Diverse drivers of unsustainable groundwater extraction behaviour operate in an unregulated water scarce region","volume":"236","author":"Khair","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3898\/SOUN.70.03.2018","article-title":"Narratives of sustainability: A lesson from Indonesia","volume":"70","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soundings"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12324","article-title":"Productivity and water use efficiency of Agave americana in the first field trial as bioenergy feedstock on arid lands","volume":"9","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gcb Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159695","article-title":"Challenges and solutions to biodiversity conservation in arid lands","volume":"857","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"12","article-title":"Sustainable development and challenging deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: The good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"59","year":"2008","journal-title":"Unasylva"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-011-0047-7","article-title":"Wildlife farming: An alternative to unsustainable hunting and deforestation in Neotropical forests?","volume":"20","author":"Nogueira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02862289","article-title":"Methods to assess the impact of extraction of non-timber tropical forest products on plant populations","volume":"47","author":"Hall","year":"1993","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2006)56[733:LKOSAI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Limestone karsts of Southeast Asia: Imperiled arks of biodiversity","volume":"56","author":"Clements","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Van Vliet, N. (2000). Livelihood Alternatives for the Unsustainable Use of Bushmeat, Citeseer."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.22353\/mjbs.2004.02.14","article-title":"Illegal and unsustainable wildlife hunting and trade in Mongolia","volume":"2","author":"Zahler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mong. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wessels, K.J. (2006). Dryland Systems, Available online: http:\/\/researchspace.csir.co.za\/dspace\/handle\/10204\/1158."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020WR029292","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR029292","article-title":"Assessing the feasibility of managed aquifer recharge in California","volume":"57","author":"Ulibarri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9319","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013264","article-title":"Vulnerability of coral reefs to bioerosion from land-based sources of pollution","volume":"122","author":"Prouty","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2013.09.002","article-title":"Achieving mitigation and adaptation to climate change through sustainable agroforestry practices in Africa","volume":"6","author":"Mbow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.06.027","article-title":"Externalities of the transport sector and the role of hydrogen in a sustainable transport vision","volume":"36","author":"Doll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-016-1057-5","article-title":"Reducing meat consumption in developed and transition countries to counter climate change and biodiversity loss: A review of influence factors","volume":"17","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matheis, M. (2016). Local Economic Impacts of Coal Mining in the United States 1870 to 1970, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/S002205071600098X"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.47509\/MES.2022.v03i01.02","article-title":"Socio-Ecological Impact of Coal Mining: A Study in Molungkimong Village, Nagaland","volume":"3","author":"Tzudir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Man Environ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"66","article-title":"Social and Occupational Impact of Coal Mining in Dhanbad (Jharkhand) India\u2014A Case Study","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J. Agric. Ext. Econ. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Rolfe, J., Ivanova, G., and Lockie, S. (2006). Assessing the Social and Economic Impacts of Coal Mining on Communities in the Bowen Basin: Summary and Recommendations, Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2021.41","article-title":"Psychological Consequences of the Flint Water Crisis: A Scoping Review","volume":"16","author":"Brooks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disaster Med. Public Health Prep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2020.1729085","article-title":"Stress, Coping, Resilience and Trust during the Flint Water Crisis","volume":"46","author":"Sobeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21898","article-title":"Toxic trauma: Household water quality experiences predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during the Flint, Michigan, water crisis","volume":"45","author":"Kruger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2022.70","article-title":"The new humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: Coping with the public health impact of hybrid warfare, mass migration, and mental health trauma","volume":"16","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disaster Med. Public Heal. Prep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059117","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1059117","article-title":"Resilience and active inference","volume":"13","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2203149119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2203149119","article-title":"Belief traps: Tackling the inertia of harmful beliefs","volume":"119","author":"Scheffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2015.03.018","article-title":"Four concepts for resilience and the implications for the future of resilience engineering","volume":"141","author":"Woods","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5750","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa148","article-title":"Degeneracy and redundancy in active inference","volume":"30","author":"Sajid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/17540739211063851","article-title":"The Predictive Dynamics of Happiness and Well-Being","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.5502\/ijw.v12i4.2659","article-title":"A computational neuroscience perspective on subjective wellbeing within the active inference framework","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Wellbeing"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892900016805","article-title":"Our common future\u2014Call for action","volume":"14","author":"Brundtland","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Crutzen, P.J. (2006). Earth System Science in the Anthropocene, Springer."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1653531","article-title":"Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review","volume":"5","author":"Mensah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogent Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stead, J.G., and Stead, W.E. (2015). Management for a Small Planet, ME Sharpe; Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315702698"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024603","article-title":"Sustainable well-being: A potential synergy between sustainability and well-being research","volume":"15","author":"Kjell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H.Y., Jay, M., and Chen, X. (2021). The role of nature-based solutions for improving environmental quality, health and well-being. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131910950"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190120","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0120","article-title":"Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges","volume":"375","author":"Seddon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2022.2118892","article-title":"The Industry 5.0 framework: Viability-based integration of the resilience, sustainability, and human-centricity perspectives","volume":"61","author":"Ivanov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen-Shacham, E., Walters, G., Janzen, C., and Maginnis, S. (2016). Nature-Based Solutions to Address Global Societal Challenges, IUCN.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2016.13.en"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1984.2","article-title":"The viable system model: Its provenance, development, methodology and pathology","volume":"35","author":"Beer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2023.07.001","article-title":"The free energy principle made simpler but not too simple","volume":"1024","author":"Friston","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2023.08.016","article-title":"Path integrals, particular kinds, and strange things","volume":"47","author":"Friston","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Life Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.host.2022.03.005","article-title":"Geometric methods for sampling, optimization, inference, and adaptive agents","volume":"Volume 46","author":"Barp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handbook of Statistics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodson, R., Mehta, M., and Smith, R. (2023). The empirical status of predictive coding and active inference. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 157.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105473"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waugh, C.E., and Sali, A.W. (2021). Resilience as the Ability to Maintain Well-Being: An Allostatic Active Inference Model. J. Intell., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11080158"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2021.04.005","article-title":"Variational Free Energy, Individual Fitness, and Population Dynamics under Acute Stress: Comment on \u201cDynamic and Thermodynamic Models of Adaptation\u201d by Alexander N. Gorban et Al","volume":"37","author":"Friston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Life Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.2307\/1307321","article-title":"Measuring the inertia and resilience of ecosystems","volume":"28","author":"Westman","year":"1978","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Saad, W., Mozaffari, M., and Debbah, M. (2022, January 16\u201320). On the tradeoff between energy, precision, and accuracy in federated quantized neural networks. Proceedings of the ICC 2022-IEEE International Conference on Communications, Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45855.2022.9838362"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albarracin, M., Demekas, D., Ramstead, M.J., and Heins, C. (2022). Epistemic communities under active inference. Entropy, 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202201.0124.v1"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Corcoran, A.W. (2021). Allostasis and Uncertainty: An Active Inference Perspective. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Arts, Monash University]."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"33","article-title":"Resilience and other stability concepts in ecology: Notes on their origin, validity, and usefulness","volume":"2","author":"Bodin","year":"2004","journal-title":"ESS Bull."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abdf09","article-title":"A review of measuring ecosystem resilience to disturbance","volume":"16","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00275","article-title":"Allostasis and resilience of the human individual metabolic phenotype","volume":"14","author":"Ghini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2020.00041","article-title":"An active inference approach to modeling structure learning: Concept learning as an example case","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2011.01.003","article-title":"The relationship between resilience and sustainability of ecological-economic systems","volume":"70","author":"Derissen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"597","article-title":"Environmental Stewardship: A Conceptual Review and Analytical Framework","volume":"63","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2005.12.002","article-title":"Scenario types and techniques: Towards a user\u2019s guide","volume":"38","author":"Dreborg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Futures"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokurina, O. (2024, April 01). Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12731\/kokurina-21-011-31155.","DOI":"10.12731\/kokurina-21-011-31155"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"23","article-title":"Eight Qualities of Resilient Food Systems: Toward a Sustainability\/Resilience Index","volume":"7","author":"Worstell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Syst. Community Dev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipe, M., Lomba, A., Honrado, J.P., and Cardoso, A.S. (2023). City-Region Food Systems and Biodiversity Conservation: The Case Study of the Entre-Douro-e-Minho Agrarian Region. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15065021"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5614\/jpwk.2021.32.1.6","article-title":"Urban sustainability and resilience governance: Review from the perspective of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction","volume":"32","author":"Wibisono","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Reg. City Plan."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Brende, B., and Sternfels, B. (2024, April 01). Resilience for Sustainable, Inclusive Growth. Available online: https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/capabilities\/risk-and-resilience\/our-insights\/resilience-for-sustainable-inclusive-growth."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugarova, I.V., Tskhurbaeva, F.K., Ezeeva, I.R., Galachieva, S.V., and Makhosheva, S.A. (2021). Features of The Formation of a Positive Investment in Regional Environment, European Publisher.","DOI":"10.15405\/epsbs.2021.11.194"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"225","article-title":"VII Implementation of Carpathian Convention Standards on the Northern Bukovina Territory","volume":"7","author":"Solodky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Oecologica Carp."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5022659","article-title":"Sustainability metrics for renewable energy production: Analysis of biomass-based energy plants in Italy","volume":"10","author":"Nikodinoska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Renew. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.05.065","article-title":"The roles of energy efficiency improvement, renewable electricity production, and financial inclusion in stimulating environmental sustainability in the Next Eleven countries","volume":"193","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Wang, T., and Li, N. (2022). Reciprocal and Symbiotic: Family Farms\u2019 Operational Performance and Long-Term Cooperation of Entities in the Agricultural Industrial Chain\u2014From the Evidence of Xinjiang in China. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010349"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozicka, K., Kot, S., and Riana, I.G. (2019). The Efficiency of Cooperation between the Participants in the Supply Chain in the Tourism-Related Branch of Industry in Relation to Client Satisfaction. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11174716"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"95","article-title":"Development of a risk management model in the system of economic security of interregional industrial cooperation","volume":"2023","author":"Tsvetkov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mark. Econ. Probl."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel Jurado-Almonte, F.J. (2020). Pazos-Garc\u00eda, R.C. Eurocities of the Iberian Borderland: A Second Generation of Border Cooperation Structures. An Analysis of Their Development Strategies. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12166438"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Jurburg, S.D., and Salles, J.F. (2015). Biodiversity in Ecosystems\u2014Linking Structure and Function, InTech."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Mermillod-Blondin, F., Roy, J., Spehn, E., and van Peer, L. (2002). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Synthesis and Perspectives, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Bolger, T. The functional value of species biodiversity: A review. Proceedings of the Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Donadio, E., Zan\u00f3n Mart\u00ednez, J.I., Alarc\u00f3n, P., and Franklin, W.L. (2022). Guanacos and People in Patagonia: A Social-Ecological Approach to a Relationship of Conflicts and Opportunities, Springer."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Mitsch, W.J., Gosselink, J.G., Zhang, L., and Anderson, C.J. (2009). Wetland Ecosystems, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018479526149","article-title":"Structuring dynamic models of exploited ecosystems from trophic mass-balance assessments","volume":"7","author":"Walters","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-00631-4","article-title":"Rewilding Argentina: Lessons for the 2030 biodiversity targets","volume":"603","author":"Donadio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243918794035","article-title":"It\u2019s about time: Adaptive resource management, environmental governance, and science studies","volume":"44","author":"Whitney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Hum. Values"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, M.J. (2016). The Future of Consumer Society: Prospects for Sustainability in the New Economy, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198768555.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2004.11.004","article-title":"Uncertainty in adaptive capacity","volume":"337","author":"Adger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Geosci."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Williamson, T., Campagna, M., and Ogden, A.E. (2012). Adapting Sustainable Forest Management to Climate Change: A Framework for Assessing Vulnerability and Mainstreaming Adaptation in to Decision Making, Canadian Council of Forest Ministers."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838240","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/838240","article-title":"The foundations of probability with black swans","volume":"2010","author":"Chichilnisky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Probab. Stat."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heins, C., Millidge, B., Da Costa, L., Mann, R., Friston, K., and Couzin, I. (2023). Collective behavior from surprise minimization. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2320239121"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2019.1665994","article-title":"Reframing PTSD for computational psychiatry with the active inference framework","volume":"24","author":"Linson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyland, D., Gutierrez, J., and Wooldridge, M. (2023). Incentive Engineering for Concurrent Games. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2022.103806"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/12\/5\/163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:39:45Z","timestamp":1760107185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/12\/5\/163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["systems12050163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems12050163","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]}}}