{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T19:03:01Z","timestamp":1777057381626,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This systematic review investigates the main mathematical models applied in urban logistics, focusing on routing, location and transshipment problems. The study addresses the growing demand for efficient and sustainable logistics solutions driven by population growth and the expansion of e-commerce. A thorough analysis of 57 scientific articles was carried out, covering deterministic and stochastic methodologies, as well as heuristic and exact solutions. This review revealed that heuristic methods are predominant due to their computational efficiency. Combining exact methods with heuristics has proven effective for complex logistics scenarios, increasing accuracy and efficiency. Synchronization and intermediate stops have also emerged as critical factors in optimizing logistics operations. This review highlights the diversity of methodologies and the need for sustainable and efficient models. The integration of stochastic simulations remains limited, representing a research gap where stochastic models have been shown to provide more robust solutions in addressing the uncertainties inherent in logistics operations. This integration can increase the robustness and applicability of logistics solutions in urban environments. By highlighting the strengths and limitations of current approaches, it paves the way for future research to develop more robust and adaptable solutions to urban logistics challenges, emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration and the use of real-world data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12090374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T01:16:10Z","timestamp":1726622170000},"page":"374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Study of the Main Mathematical Models Used in Mobility, Storage, Pickup and Delivery in Urban Logistics: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Renan Paula Ramos","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DEGEIT, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7676-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Borges","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEGEIT, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5577-8237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Vasconcelos","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEGEIT, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4401-7747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEGEIT, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6053-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEGEIT, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LUGGIT, UA Incubator, 3830-352 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2019.1654201","article-title":"Transport Challenges in Rapidly Growing Cities: Is There a Magic Bullet?","volume":"39","author":"Goetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. 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