{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T09:13:44Z","timestamp":1768727624240,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]],"date-time":"2024-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52302388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52302388"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BK20230853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230853"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SJLY2023009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJLY2023009"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["52302388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52302388"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20230853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230853"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["SJLY2023009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJLY2023009"]}]},{"name":"Projects of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang","award":["52302388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52302388"]}]},{"name":"Projects of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang","award":["BK20230853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230853"]}]},{"name":"Projects of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang","award":["SJLY2023009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJLY2023009"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["52302388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52302388"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["BK20230853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230853"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["SJLY2023009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJLY2023009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the expansion of urban scale and the popularization of multi-modal transportation, transportation hubs, as the link of multi-modal travel, are becoming increasingly important in urban development and residents\u2019 lives. In situations of high parking demand, the increase in road traffic volume and parking search delays exacerbates the service pressure on hub parking lots and the traffic congestion on surrounding roads. Therefore, reasonable parking demand allocation is one of the key solutions to this problem. Based on the analysis of the vehicle parking search process, this paper constructs a model for estimating parking search delay on roads outside hub parking lots and proposes an optimization model for parking demand allocation aimed at minimizing the total parking search delay of vehicles. Finally, taking a major transportation hub in Nanjing as a case study, data were obtained through field investigations and simulation experiments to identify peak parking demand periods and calibrate the model parameters. The results show that the average vehicle delay was reduced by 4.5%, with a total reduction of 13,860 s in vehicle delay for parking demands at the hub within one hour. Therefore, by optimizing the allocation of parking demand, the average delay for vehicles searching for parking can be reduced to a certain extent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12100404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T05:45:27Z","timestamp":1727675127000},"page":"404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimization Method for Allocating Peak-Period Parking Demand in Hub Parking Lot Clusters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2989-7486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Transportation Planning and Simulation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transportation, Subei Navigation Management Office, Huai\u2019an 223002, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8795-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2360-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Transportation Planning and Simulation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.21.2.89","article-title":"On Boundedly rational user equilibrium in transportation systems","volume":"21","author":"Mahmassani","year":"1987","journal-title":"Transp. 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