{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:30:09Z","timestamp":1760146209344,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"4th Educational Training Program for the Shipping, Port and Logistics from the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Upon lifting lockdown measures, pent-up consumer demand resulted in a phenomenon known as \u201crevenge-buying\u201d that was influenced by cognitive and habitual factors. This study collected 629 samples from Beijing consumers using straightforward online random sampling methods, ensuring the sample\u2019s representativeness. Structural equation modeling was employed to investigate the impact of cognitive factors on revenge-buying after lockdowns and explain this phenomenon from the consumers\u2019 habitual behavior perspective. Specifically, we developed a novel model that incorporates insights from the concept of attitudes and habits literature within the framework of the protection motivation theory to address this research question. The results reveal that habit significantly affects all cognitive factors, except response cost. Cognitive factors such as perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost all play a role in shaping consumers\u2019 attitudes and driving revenge-buying behavior. Furthermore, consumers\u2019 habits contribute significantly to their likelihood of revenge-buying. This study provides empirical evidence for revenge-buying, and the proposed theoretical model offers a more complete understanding of the cognitive factors and habits that drive this behavior. These findings can help businesses to attract consumers, improve satisfaction, and better compete in the context of revenge-buying, ultimately benefiting both consumers and businesses involved in this behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12100413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T07:30:18Z","timestamp":1728286218000},"page":"413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consumption Habits in Revenge-Buying: A Conceptual Model Integrating Protection Motivation Theory and the Concept of Attitudes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yanfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Management of Technology, Pukyong National University, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of International Trade and Logistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06874, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanhui","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Trade and Logistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06874, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102874","article-title":"Changes in consumption patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analyzing the revenge spending motivations of different emotional groups","volume":"65","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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