{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T08:42:49Z","timestamp":1775205769643,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006261","name":"Taif University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TU-DSPP-2024-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TU-DSPP-2024-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integrating shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) in urban transportation systems holds transformative potential but is accompanied by notable challenges. This study, conducted in Saudi Arabia (KSA), aims to address these challenges by identifying and prioritizing the key barriers and policies that are necessary if we are to successfully adopt SAVs. A comprehensive analysis was performed through a literature review and expert consultations, revealing 24 critical barriers and 10 policies for solving them. The research employed a three-phase methodology to evaluate and rank the policies proposed to overcome these barriers. Initially, the study assessed the specific barriers and policies related to SAVs. Subsequently, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) was employed to evaluate the relative importance of these barriers. Finally, the Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (F-TOPSIS) was applied to rank the policies; the process identified government-backed investment, urban planning integration, and funding for research and development in sensor and hardware technologies as the most effective policies. The study underscores the importance of targeted policies in addressing technical and infrastructural challenges. Emphasizing system reliability, cybersecurity, and effective integration of SAVs into urban planning, the findings advocate for robust government support and continued technological innovation. These insights offer a roadmap for policymakers and industry leaders in the KSA to foster a more sustainable and resilient urban transportation future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12120558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T05:55:45Z","timestamp":1734069345000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Unraveling the Complex Barriers to and Policies for Shared Autonomous Vehicles: A Strategic Analysis for Sustainable Urban Mobility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9254-6665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"},{"name":"Department of Business and Administration, ILMA University, Karachi 75190, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salamat","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of CAD & CG, Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province & Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4871-1392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1676-6222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamad","family":"Almujibah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif City 21974, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9871-1588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamad","family":"Alawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Need for Smart Mobility and Challenges and Opportunities for Transitioning toward It in Car-Dependent Countries: Insights from Literature","volume":"122","author":"Almaghlouth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. J. Silesian Univ. Technol. Ser. 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