{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:38:30Z","timestamp":1780637910995,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFB4301202-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4301202-20"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["52175253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175253"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["22NSFSC0865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22NSFSC0865"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["YJG5-2022-Y038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJG5-2022-Y038"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFB4301202-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4301202-20"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52175253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175253"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22NSFSC0865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22NSFSC0865"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YJG5-2022-Y038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJG5-2022-Y038"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China","award":["2022YFB4301202-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4301202-20"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China","award":["52175253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175253"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China","award":["22NSFSC0865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22NSFSC0865"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China","award":["YJG5-2022-Y038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJG5-2022-Y038"]}]},{"name":"Degree and postgraduate education and teaching reform project of Southwest Jiaotong University","award":["2022YFB4301202-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4301202-20"]}]},{"name":"Degree and postgraduate education and teaching reform project of Southwest Jiaotong University","award":["52175253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175253"]}]},{"name":"Degree and postgraduate education and teaching reform project of Southwest Jiaotong University","award":["22NSFSC0865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22NSFSC0865"]}]},{"name":"Degree and postgraduate education and teaching reform project of Southwest Jiaotong University","award":["YJG5-2022-Y038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJG5-2022-Y038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enhancing transparency through interface design is an effective method for improving driving safety while reducing driver workloads, potentially fostering human\u2013machine collaboration. However, to ensure system usability and safety, operator psychological factors and operational performance must be well balanced. This study investigates how the introduction of transparency design into urban rail transit driving tasks influences drivers\u2019 situational awareness (SA), trust in automation (TiA), sense of agency (SoA), workload, operational performance, and visual behavior. Three transparency driver\u2013machine interface (DMI) information conditions were evaluated: DMI1, which provided continuous feedback on vehicle operating status and actions; DMI1+2, which added inferential explanations; and DMI1+2+3, which further incorporated proactive predictions. Results from simulated driving experiments with 32 participants indicated that an appropriate level of transparency significantly enhanced TiA and SoA, thereby yielding the greatest acceptance. High transparency significantly aided in predictable takeover tasks but affected gains in TiA and SoA, increased workload, and disrupted perception-level SA. Compared with previous research findings, this study indicates the presence of a disparity in transparency needs for low-workload tasks. Therefore, caution should be exercised when introducing high-transparency designs in urban rail transit driving tasks. Nonetheless, an appropriate transparency interface design can enhance the driving experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12120576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T11:17:22Z","timestamp":1734520642000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Constant Companionship Without Disturbances: Enhancing Transparency to Improve Automated Tasks in Urban Rail Transit Driving"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tiecheng","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyi","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Art and Design, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Aerospace Measurement & Control Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhui","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-021-00287-9","article-title":"Mode boundaries of automated metro and semi-rapid rail in urban transit","volume":"14","author":"Moccia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Transp."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2939358","article-title":"An Energy-Efficient Train Operation Approach by Integrating the Metro Timetabling and Eco-Driving","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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