{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:22:57Z","timestamp":1783023777900,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global halal market is growing, driven by rising stakeholder populations and increasing consumer interest in ethical and sustainable food choices. This surge in demand necessitates robust halal compliance throughout complex supply chains. However, there are several challenges, including fragmented information, increased understanding of halal requirements among stakeholders, and difficulties in tracing product provenance. This paper proposes a holistic framework for halal certification and compliance, addressing these challenges through the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technologies. AI can automate halal compliance checks, identify potential irregularities in sourcing and composition, and facilitate risk management. The blockchain offers an ideal platform for tracking product provenance throughout the halal supply chain. This ensures trust and confidence among consumers by providing verifiable information on ingredient origin and production processes. This paper further strengthens the potential of this framework by presenting an illustrative example that utilises knowledge graphs, machine learning, and smart contracts. This exemplifies the potential application of the proposed framework in the context of halal pre-certification processes. By fostering transparency and streamlining compliance procedures, the proposed holistic framework, empowered by AI and the blockchain, can significantly enhance trust and confidence among stakeholders within the halal food industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T11:24:19Z","timestamp":1735730659000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Holistic Framework for Blockchain-Based Halal Compliance in Supply Chains Enabled by Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7415-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Funlade","family":"Sunmola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2118-5812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Baryannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9678-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asian Institute of Management, Manila 1229, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2766-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Co","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asian Institute of Management, Manila 1229, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8669-2420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Papadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20956\/jars.v3i1.1712","article-title":"The Potential and Challenge of Halal Foods in Japan","volume":"3","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Asian Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"The market for halal food among the Muslim community in Japan","volume":"22","author":"Yusof","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Soc. Sci. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.15405\/epsbs.2023.11.02.60","article-title":"Halal Supply Chain: Challenges Of Halal Certification In Japan","volume":"132","author":"Hasnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Proc. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"30","article-title":"Halal certification: An international marketing issues and challenges","volume":"Volume 28","author":"Shafie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International IFSAM VIIIth World Congress"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14513\/actatechjaur.v11.n4.467","article-title":"Halal meat supply chain traceability based on HACCP, blockchain and internet of things","volume":"11","author":"Rejeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Tech. Jaurinensis"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-09-2021-1043","article-title":"Effectiveness factors of food safety management systems: A systematic literature review","volume":"125","author":"Maiberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1108\/17590831111139893","article-title":"The application of Halal in supply chain management: In-depth interviews","volume":"2","author":"Tieman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Islam. Mark."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Establishing the principles in halal logistics","volume":"1","author":"Tieman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Econ. Islam. Res. (JEEIR)"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"502","article-title":"Green Halal supply chain in Malaysian halal food companies: A conceptual framework","volume":"7","author":"Abdullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Supply Chain Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1108\/IJLSS-10-2012-0011","article-title":"Lean supply chain practices in the Halal food","volume":"4","author":"Manzouri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Lean Six Sigma"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2021.100361","article-title":"Integrating the Internet of Things in the halal food supply chain: A systematic literature review and research agenda","volume":"13","author":"Rejeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"59","article-title":"Effects of Training and Motivation Practices on Performance and Task Efficiency: The Case of Brunei Meat Slaughterhouses","volume":"12","author":"Abas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Asian Bus. Inf. Manag. (IJABIM)"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marohom, J.B., and Fuerzas, J.G. (2022, January 15\u201316). Behavioral Influence on Halal Food Consumption of Millennial Consumers in BARMM, Philippines. Proceedings of the International Halal Science and Technology Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.31098\/ihsatec.v15i1.600"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Korea Herald (2024, June 19). Halal Tourism Takes off in Japan. Available online: https:\/\/www.koreaherald.com\/article\/3639302."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"NPO Japan Halal Association (2024, June 19). About Halal Certification. Available online: https:\/\/jhalal.com\/en\/halal-cert-en\/about-halal-cert-en."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1609","article-title":"The Effects of Social Media Influencer towards Factors of Muslim Millennial Generation\u2019s Attitude into Halal Food Product Purchase in Malaysia","volume":"11","author":"Rahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Acad. Res. Bus. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s42779-021-00084-6","article-title":"The multiplicity of halal standards: A case study of application to slaughterhouses","volume":"8","author":"Abdallah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethn. Foods"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafiki, A. (2019). Impact, perception and challenges due to halal certification: The case of zulaikha shop. Management of Shari\u2019ah Compliant Businesses: Case Studies on Creation of Sustainable Value, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-10907-3_12"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"209","article-title":"Issues of Japan halal industry: An exploration of potential obstacles to Japanese SMEs\u2019 export development","volume":"6","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Supply Chain Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.56529\/mber.v2i1.156","article-title":"Challenges of Halal Standards and Halal Certification for Islamic Marketing","volume":"2","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Muslim Bus. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.21070\/perisai.v7i2.1663","article-title":"Analysis of The Factors That Influence The Perceptions of Culinary Business Owners Regarding Intention to Register For Halal Certificates","volume":"7","author":"Priantina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perisai Islam. Bank. Financ. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"32","article-title":"Blockchain Characteristics and Consensus in Modern Business Processes","volume":"13","author":"Viriyasitavat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1080\/13675567.2020.1825653","article-title":"Applying Blockchain for Halal food traceability","volume":"25","author":"Ngah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Logist. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandra, G.R., Liaqat, I.A., and Sharma, B. (2019, January 4\u20136). Blockchain Redefining: The Halal Food Sector. Proceedings of the 2019 Amity International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AICAI), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/AICAI.2019.8701321"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran, G.S., Deane, F., Malik, S., Dorri, A., and Jurdak, R. (2021, January 13\u201315). Towards Assisted Autonomy for Supply Chain Compliance Management. Proceedings of the 2021 Third IEEE International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Intelligent Systems and Applications (TPS-ISA), Virtual.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPSISA52974.2021.00035"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012088","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/852\/1\/012088","article-title":"Using Neural Network Technologies to Assess the Quality Characteristics of Food","volume":"852","author":"Sadovoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4621","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2021.1959665","article-title":"Critical success factors influencing artificial intelligence adoption in food supply chains","volume":"60","author":"Dora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasnan, N.Z.N., Yusoff, Y.M., Lim, S.A.H., and Kamarudin, K. (2022, January 15\u201316). Potential of industrial internet of things (IIoT) to improve inefficiencies in food manufacturing. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology, Pahang, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0171393"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12393-023-09363-1","article-title":"Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Food Quality Control and Safety Assessment","volume":"16","author":"Chhetri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Hyperledger Fabric (2024, October 23). Hyperledger Fabric Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io\/en\/release-2.5\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"IBM (2024, October 23). IBM Food Trust: Supply Chain Intelligence Suite. Available online: https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/products\/supply-chain-intelligence-suite\/food-trust."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"LF Decentralized Trust (2024, October 23). How Walmart Brought Unprecedented Transparency to the Food Supply Chain with Hyperledger Fabric. Available online: https:\/\/www.lfdecentralizedtrust.org\/case-studies\/walmart-case-study."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Bryatov, S., and Borodinov, A. (2019, January 21\u201324). Blockchain technology in the pharmaceutical supply chain: Researching a business model based on Hyperledger Fabric. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology and Nanotechnology (ITNT), Samara, Russia."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, D., Minocha, S., Namasudra, S., and Gandomi, A.H. (2022). A robust drug recall supply chain management system using hyperledger blockchain ecosystem. Comput. Biol. Med., 140.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.105100"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"012007","article-title":"Smart agriculture using supply chain management based on hyperledger blockchain","volume":"Volume 466","author":"Putri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"185","article-title":"Design and implementation of food supply chain traceability system based on Hyperledger Fabric","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4917","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2023.3319086","article-title":"Cross-Instance Regulatory Compliance Checking of Business Process Event Logs","volume":"49","author":"Groefsema","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-022-09340-9","article-title":"Traffic rules compliance checking of automated vehicle maneuvers","volume":"32","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Law"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nute, D. (1997). Defeasible Deontic Logic, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8851-5"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2020.08.008","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Applications for Workflow, Process Optimization and Predictive Analytics","volume":"30","author":"Camirand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"100033","article-title":"A critical review on computer vision and artificial intelligence in food industry","volume":"2","author":"Kakani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"012016","article-title":"A survey on application of knowledge graph","volume":"Volume 1487","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103076","article-title":"Domain-specific knowledge graphs: A survey","volume":"185","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, X.L., He, X., Kan, A., Li, X., Liang, Y., Ma, J., Xu, Y.E., Zhang, C., Zhao, T., and Blanco Saldana, G. (2020, January 6\u201310). Autoknow: Self-driving knowledge collection for products of thousands of types. Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, Virtual.","DOI":"10.1145\/3394486.3403323"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41805","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977136","article-title":"KnowIME: A system to construct a knowledge graph for intelligent manufacturing equipment","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s13755-023-00253-8","article-title":"ADHD-KG: A knowledge graph of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"11","author":"Papadakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Inf. Sci. Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2140010","article-title":"Modelling techniques to improve the quality of food using artificial intelligence","volume":"2021","author":"Sahni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451","article-title":"Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine","volume":"29","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natekin, A., and Knoll, A. (2013). Gradient boosting machines, a tutorial. Front. Neurorobotics, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2013.00021"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2021.07.007","article-title":"The M5 competition: Background, organization, and implementation","volume":"38","author":"Makridakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026526","article-title":"A statistical interpretation of term specificity and its application in retrieval","volume":"28","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"OpenAI (2024, August 08). Introducing ChatGPT. Available online: https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/chatgpt\/."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Anthropic (2024, August 08). Claude 3 Family Announcement. Available online: https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/news\/claude-3-family."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s12393-021-09290-z","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence in food industry\u2014A guideline","volume":"14","author":"Mavani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s42488-021-00064-0","article-title":"Big data in the food supply chain: A literature review","volume":"4","author":"Rejeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Data Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Co, K.T., Mu\u00f1oz-Gonz\u00e1lez, L., Kanthan, L., Glocker, B., and Lupu, E.C. (2021, January 19\u201322). Universal adversarial robustness of texture and shape-biased models. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP42928.2021.9506325"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-023-05169-w","article-title":"A critical analysis of the integration of blockchain and artificial intelligence for supply chain","volume":"327","author":"Charles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12548","article-title":"Moving from a compliance-based to an integrity-based organizational climate in the food supply chain","volume":"19","author":"Manning","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2023.102898","article-title":"Moderating ESG compliance between industry 4.0 and green practices with green servitization: Examining its impact on green supply chain performance","volume":"129","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/jscm.12195","article-title":"Understanding the Downstream Healthcare Supply Chain: Unpacking Regulatory and Industry Characteristics","volume":"55","author":"Dobrzykowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Supply Chain Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13115","article-title":"Research Opportunities in Supply Chain Transparency","volume":"28","author":"Sodhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1108\/JSTPM-01-2021-0001","article-title":"Digitalization of the supply chain: Transformation factors","volume":"14","author":"Aamer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol. Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1108\/JMTM-09-2023-0431","article-title":"AI adoption in supply chain management: A systematic literature review","volume":"35","author":"Shahzadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2023.100342","article-title":"An integrated machine learning and MARCOS method for supplier evaluation and selection","volume":"9","author":"Abdulla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Decis. Anal. J."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/1\/21\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:23:02Z","timestamp":1759850582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/1\/21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13010021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13010021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}}}