{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:08:14Z","timestamp":1777986494562,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Rising-Star Program","award":["21YF1449500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YF1449500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the advent of digitization, digital twin technology is gradually becoming one of the core technologies of the Industry 4.0 era, highlighting the increasing importance of digital twin project management. Despite its potential, DT projects face significant risks during implementation, stemming from technical, managerial, and operational complexities. To address these challenges, this study proposes an improved failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) framework by integrating double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (DHHFLTSs) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). This framework converts qualitative assessments into quantitative metrics and calculates weights using a hybrid approach, enabling more precise risk prioritisation. Application of the model to an automotive manufacturing company\u2019s DT project identified key risks, particularly in the iteration and upgrade phase, emphasising the importance of cross-departmental collaboration and robust digital infrastructure. The proposed model provides a systematic framework for enterprises to assess and mitigate risks, ensuring the successful deployment of DT projects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13010048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T07:40:08Z","timestamp":1736754008000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk Analysis of Digital Twin Project Operation Based on Improved FMEA Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-0366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0834-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2020.101225","article-title":"Digital Twin as a Service (DTaaS) in Industry 4.0: An Architecture Reference Model","volume":"47","author":"Aheleroff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliuta, M.-E., Moisescu, M.-A., Pop, E., Ionita, A.-D., Caramihai, S.-I., and Mitulescu, T.-C. (2024). Digital Twin-A Review of the Evolution from Concept to Technology and Its Analytical Perspectives on Applications in Various Fields. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135454"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1049\/gtd2.12940","article-title":"Applications of IoT and digital twin in electrical power systems: A comprehensive survey","volume":"17","author":"Mansour","year":"2023","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113891","article-title":"Energy Digital Twin applications: A review","volume":"188","author":"Montevechi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.104747","article-title":"Blockchain-enabled digital twin collaboration platform for fit-out operations in modular integrated construction","volume":"148","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203A","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.05.228","article-title":"Use of Lean Six Sigma Method to Improve Process of Electrolyte Replacement Protocol in ICU","volume":"157","author":"Chanpura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7610","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2021.2014591","article-title":"The emergence of cognitive digital twin: Vision, challenges and opportunities","volume":"60","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102726","article-title":"Digital twin application in the construction industry: A literature review","volume":"40","author":"Opoku","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112407","article-title":"Energy digital twin technology for industrial energy management: Classification, challenges and future","volume":"161","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.109943","article-title":"An improved failure mode and effect analysis method for group decision-making in utility tunnels construction project risk evaluation","volume":"244","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basaran, S., and Ighagbon, O.A. (2024). Enhanced FMEA Methodology for Evaluating Mobile Learning Platforms Using Grey Relational Analysis and Fuzzy AHP. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14198844"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2020.106885","article-title":"Failure mode and effect analysis improvement: A systematic literature review and future research agenda","volume":"199","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-06425-0","article-title":"Literature review and prospect of the development and application of FMEA in manufacturing industry","volume":"112","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.06.015","article-title":"Digital twin modeling","volume":"64","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186","article-title":"Digital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art","volume":"15","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21980","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970143","article-title":"Digital Twin: Values, Challenges and Enablers From a Modeling Perspective","volume":"8","author":"Rasheed","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Melesse, T.Y., Di Pasquale, V., and Riemma, S. (2019, January 20\u201322). Digital Twin Models in Industrial Operations: A Systematic Literature Review. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing (ISM), Rende, Italy."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.2842228","article-title":"From Surveillance to Digital Twin Challenges and recent advances of signal processing for the industrial Internet of Things","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2020.103316","article-title":"Digital Twin for maintenance: A literature review","volume":"123","author":"Errandonea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23047","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23047","article-title":"Risk factors, changes in serum inflammatory factors, and clinical prevention and control measures for puerperal infection","volume":"34","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2016.10","article-title":"e-Leadership through strategic alignment: An empirical study of small- and medium-sized enterprises in the digital age","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Mcdermott, R.E., Mikulak, R.J., and Beauregard, M.R. (2009). The Basics of FMEA, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2019.2937579","article-title":"A New Model for Failure Mode and Effects Analysis Based on k-Means Clustering Within Hesitant Linguistic Environment","volume":"69","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-019-03447-0","article-title":"An improved reliability model for FMEA using probabilistic linguistic term sets and TODIM method","volume":"312","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.17531\/ein.2022.4.6","article-title":"Optimization synthesis of technological parameters during manufacturing of the parts","volume":"24","author":"Kusyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eksploat. I Niezawodn.\u2014Maint. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.08.010","article-title":"Risk evaluation approaches in failure mode and effects analysis: A literature review","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.116416","article-title":"Decision-making on the selection of lean tools using fuzzy QFD and FMEA approach in the manufacturing industry","volume":"192","author":"Reda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.2660","article-title":"An improved failure mode and effects analysis method based on uncertainty measure in the evidence theory","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2017.02.008","article-title":"Double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set and MULTIMOORA method: A case of study to evaluate the implementation status of haze controlling measures","volume":"38","author":"Gou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-020-05328-2","article-title":"Double-hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set-based decision framework for multi-attribute group decision-making","volume":"25","author":"Krishankumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2022.08.043","article-title":"A new linguistic preference relation-based approach for failure mode and effect analysis with dynamic consensus reaching process","volume":"610","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2024.104404","article-title":"Barrier assessment of EV business model innovation in China: An MCDM-based FMEA","volume":"136","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D-Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-019-01262-w","article-title":"A novel method for failure mode and effects analysis using fuzzy evidential reasoning and fuzzy Petri nets","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdec.2022.12.001","article-title":"An improved FMEA quality risk assessment framework for enterprise data assets","volume":"1","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Digit. Econ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/07474938.2014.944474","article-title":"Marginal Likelihood Estimation with the Cross-Entropy Method","volume":"34","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Econom. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2010.10.028","article-title":"The cross-entropy method in multi-objective optimisation: An assessment","volume":"211","author":"Bekker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"3216948","article-title":"Safety Evaluation Method of Antifloating Anchor System Based on Comprehensive Weighting Method and Gray-Fuzzy Theory","volume":"2020","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.01.076","article-title":"A novel hybrid MCDM model combining the SAW, TOPSIS and GRA methods based on experimental design","volume":"345","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965040","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/965040","article-title":"A Novel MADM Approach Based on Fuzzy Cross Entropy with Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets","volume":"2015","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/1\/48\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:27:53Z","timestamp":1759919273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/1\/48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13010048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13010048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]}}}