{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T01:48:48Z","timestamp":1784166528354,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Bidding Program of the National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["22&ZD142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22&ZD142"]}]},{"name":"Civilization Mutual Learning and Global Governance Research Program of Sichuan University","award":["22&ZD142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22&ZD142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mobility and openness of smart cities characterize them as particularly complex networks, necessitating the resilience enhancement of smart city regions from a network structure perspective. Taking the Chengdu\u2013Chongqing urban agglomeration as a case study, this research constructs economic, information, population, and technological intercity networks based on the complex network theory and gravity model to evaluate their spatial structure and resilience over five years. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) subnetworks exhibit a \u2018core\/periphery\u2019 structure with a significant evolution trend, particularly the metropolitan area integration degree of capital cities has significantly improved; (2) the technology network is the most resilient but was the most affected by COVID-19, while the population and information networks are the least resilient, resulting from poor hierarchy, disassortativity, and agglomeration; (3) network resilience can be improved through system optimization and node enhancement. System optimization should focus more on improving the coordinated development of population, information, and technology networks due to their low synergistic level of resilience, while node optimization should adjust strategies according to the dominance, redundancy, and network role of nodes. This study provides a reference framework to assess the resilience of smart cities, and the assessment results and enhancement strategies can provide valuable regional planning information for resilience building in smart city regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13010060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T10:32:15Z","timestamp":1737369135000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Towards Smart and Resilient City Networks: Assessing the Network Structure and Resilience in Chengdu\u2013Chongqing Smart Urban Agglomeration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9228-9371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China"},{"name":"Institute of Emergency Management, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0969776418783813","article-title":"From the \u201cSmart City\u201d to the \u201cSmart Metropolis\u201d? Building Resilience in the Urban Periphery","volume":"26","author":"Angelidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urban Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00879-7","article-title":"A Novel Taxonomy of Smart Sustainable City Indicators","volume":"8","author":"Pira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2021.102348","article-title":"Achieving Resilience through Smart Cities? Evidence from China","volume":"111","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2014.942092","article-title":"Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives","volume":"22","author":"Albino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.104025","article-title":"Measurement and Analysis of the Structural Resilience of Regional Networks Under the Impact of COVID-19","volume":"97","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103278","article-title":"What Makes a City \u2018Smart\u2019 in the Anthropocene? A Critical Review of Smart Cities under Climate Change","volume":"75","author":"Obringer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/13511610.2012.660327","article-title":"Smart Networked Cities?","volume":"25","author":"Tranos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Innov. Eur. J. Soc. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103141","article-title":"Assessment Methods of Urban System Resilience: From the Perspective of Complex Adaptive System Theory","volume":"112","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103464","article-title":"Evaluating Urban Agglomeration Resilience to Disaster in the Yangtze Delta City Group in China","volume":"76","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano, I., Calvet-Mir, L., Ribera-Fumaz, R., D\u00edaz, I., and March, H. (2020). A Social Network Analysis of the Spanish Network of Smart Cities. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12125219"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/12265934.2021.1925143","article-title":"Developmentalist Smart Cities? The Cases of Singapore and Seoul","volume":"27","author":"Joo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Urban Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/12265934.2022.2153472","article-title":"Finding the Old in the New: Smart Cities in the National and Local Trajectories of Urban Development","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Urban Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1177\/23998083221092422","article-title":"An Integrated Framework for Assessment of Smart City Resilience","volume":"49","author":"Khatibi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101636","article-title":"Is Smart City Resilient? Evidence from China","volume":"50","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.11.005","article-title":"Towards Sustainable Collaborative Networks for Smart Cities Co-Governance","volume":"56","author":"Eljaoued","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2017.10.002","article-title":"Smart City Networks\u2019 Governance: The Spanish Smart City Network Case Study","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telecomm. Policy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2016.01.006","article-title":"Comparing China\u2019s City Transportation and Economic Networks","volume":"53","author":"Lao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2023.107145","article-title":"The Coupling and Coordination Degree of Urban Resilience System: A Case Study of the Chengdu\u2013Chongqing Urban Agglomeration","volume":"101","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"407","article-title":"The Space of Flows","volume":"1","author":"Castells","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rise Netw. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.02.013","article-title":"Centralization or Decentralization? A Review on the Effects of Information and Communication Technology on Urban Spatial Structure","volume":"78","author":"Dadashpoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2017.1330538","article-title":"Central Flow Theory: Comparative Connectivities in the World-City Network","volume":"52","author":"Derudder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.02.004","article-title":"Sustainable-Smart-Resilient-Low Carbon-Eco-Knowledge Cities; Making Sense of a Multitude of Concepts Promoting Sustainable Urbanization","volume":"109","author":"Joss","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2010.2048257","article-title":"Foundations for Smarter Cities","volume":"54","author":"Harrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"IBM J. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2011.601117","article-title":"Smart Cities in Europe","volume":"18","author":"Caragliu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104527","article-title":"Mapping Synergies and Trade-Offs Between Smart City Dimensions: A Network Analysis","volume":"142","author":"Vanli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.2001.tb00443.x","article-title":"Specification of the World City Network","volume":"33","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098009357352","article-title":"Refining the Air Traffic Approach to City Networks","volume":"47","author":"Neal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Guo, W., Guo, R., He, B., Li, Z., Li, X., Liu, W., and Fan, Y. (2022). Urban Network Spatial Connection and Structure in China Based on Railway Passenger Flow Big Data. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11020225"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2023.2208852","article-title":"Analysis on the Structure and Economic Resilience Capacity of China\u2019s Regional Economic Network","volume":"56","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/00130095.2022.2035715","article-title":"Technology Network Structure Conditions the Economic Resilience of Regions","volume":"98","author":"Elekes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1080\/13662716.2020.1775070","article-title":"Structure and Resilience of Local Knowledge Networks: The Case of the ICT Network in Trentino","volume":"28","author":"Tsouri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Innov."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103326","article-title":"Scaling Smartness, (de)Provincialising the City? The ASEAN Smart Cities Network and the Translational Politics of Technocratic Regionalism","volume":"117","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20891-x","article-title":"The Application of Resilience Theory in Urban Development: A Literature Review","volume":"29","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.04.110173.000245","article-title":"Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems","volume":"4","author":"Holling","year":"1973","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.08.005","article-title":"The Geographies of Community Disaster Resilience","volume":"29","author":"Cutter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103313","article-title":"Towards Comprehensive Regional Resilience Evaluation, Resistance, Recovery, and Creativity: From the Perspective of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake","volume":"82","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110230","article-title":"Assessment of Urban Flood Resilience Based on a Systematic Framework","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017019","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000267","article-title":"Fragility Curves for Assessing the Resilience of Electricity Networks Constructed from an Extensive Fault Database","volume":"19","author":"Dunn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108569","article-title":"Green Port Oriented Resilience Improvement for Traffic-Power Coupled Networks","volume":"225","author":"Zhen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-022-00372-2","article-title":"Multiple Scenario Simulation and Optimization of an Urban Green Infrastructure Network Based on Complex Network Theory: A Case Study in Harbin City, China","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moraci, F., Errigo, M.F., Fazia, C., Burgio, G., and Foresta, S. (2018). Making Less Vulnerable Cities: Resilience as a New Paradigm of Smart Planning. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201801.0013.v1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.102970","article-title":"On the Relation between \u2018Resilience\u2019 and \u2018Smartness\u2019: A Critical Review","volume":"75","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1177\/23998083211058798","article-title":"On the Taxonomy of Smart City Indicators and Their Alignment with Sustainability and Resilience","volume":"49","author":"Sharifi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., Wang, X., Wang, C., Liu, H., Miao, Y., and Ci, F. (2022). Evaluation and Influencing Factors of Network Resilience in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: A Structural Perspective. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14138005"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.05.015","article-title":"Resilience Assessment of Complex Urban Systems to Natural Disasters: A New Literature Review","volume":"31","author":"Rus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Che, L., Xu, J., Chen, H., Sun, D., Wang, B., Zheng, Y., Yang, X., and Peng, Z. (2022). Evaluation of the Spatial Effect of Network Resilience in the Yangtze River Delta: An Integrated Framework for Regional Collaboration and Governance under Disruption. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11081359"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108101","article-title":"The Complex Ecological Network\u2019s Resilience of the Wuhan Metropolitan Area","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.109859","article-title":"An Integrated Approach for Evaluating Dynamics of Urban Eco-Resilience in Urban Agglomerations of China","volume":"146","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbt006","article-title":"Lock-in or Lock-out? How Structural Properties of Knowledge Networks Affect Regional Resilience","volume":"14","author":"Crespo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haken, H. (2004). Synergetics: Introduction and Advanced Topics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10184-1"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Han, S., Ao, Y., and Liao, F. (2022). Evaluation and Factor Analysis for Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Chengdu\u2013Chongqing Urban Agglomeration. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12070962"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103167","article-title":"Analysis on the Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Urban Agglomeration Resilience: A Case Study in Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration, China","volume":"79","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-020-04194-3","article-title":"Rebuilding Resilient Homeland: An NGO-Led Post-Lushan Earthquake Experimental Reconstruction Program","volume":"104","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Q., Dong, Y., and Zhong, M. (2024). Analysis of Spatial Correlation Network of Urban Digital Economy in China. Inf. Technol. Dev., 1\u201323.","DOI":"10.1080\/02681102.2024.2423393"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., Xiao, H., and Liu, Z. (2024). Analysis of the Driving Mechanism of Urban Carbon Emission Correlation Network in Shandong Province Based on TERGM. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16104233"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-839X.2007.00241.x","article-title":"Social Network Analysis: A Methodological Introduction","volume":"11","author":"Butts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/1523908X.2018.1433998","article-title":"Network Comparison of Socialization, Learning and Collaboration in the C40 Cities Climate Group","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Policy Plan."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(87)90012-8","article-title":"QAP Partialling as a Test of Spuriousness","volume":"9","author":"Krackardt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-021-01326-y","article-title":"Spatial Correlation Network and Population Mobility Effect of Regional Haze Pollution: Empirical Evidence from Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration in China","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, X., Fang, C., Yang, Z., and Guo, X. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Population Mobility Networks in the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei Urban Agglomeration from a Resilience Perspective. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11050675"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, Y., Li, L., and Liu, C. (2023). Resilience Characteristics and Driving Mechanism of Urban Collaborative Innovation Network\u2014A Case Study of China\u2019s New Energy Vehicle Industry. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11050214"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1177\/13548166231206241","article-title":"Can Digital Economy Improve Tourism Economic Resilience? Evidence from China","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, S., and Pan, J. (2021). Resilience of Urban Network Structure in China: The Perspective of Disruption. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10120796"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"105","article-title":"Research on the Synergistic Effect of Low-Carbon Economy in China","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Manag. World"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, J., Wang, M., Zhang, D., Ding, C., Wang, J., and Xu, D. (2017). Synergetic Development Assessment of Urban River System Landscapes. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9122145"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2807784","article-title":"Smart Governance for Smart Cities","volume":"106","author":"Razaghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00609-0","article-title":"Smart Cities and Smart Governance Models for Future Cities: Current Research and Future Directions","volume":"32","author":"Nastjuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4018\/IJEGR.2016040105","article-title":"A Unified Smart City Model (USCM) for Smart City Conceptualization and Benchmarking","volume":"12","author":"Anthopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/eet.1998","article-title":"How Green Are Our Laws? Presenting a Normative Coherence for Sustainable Development Methodology","volume":"33","author":"Koff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Policy Gov."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"2","article-title":"Transparency-by-Design as a Foundation for Open Government","volume":"11","author":"Janssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transform. Gov. People Process Policy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104612","article-title":"Toward a Societal Smart City: Clarifying the Social Justice Dimension of Smart Cities","volume":"95","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13174-015-0041-5","article-title":"Applications of Big Data to Smart Cities","volume":"6","author":"Mohamed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Internet Serv. Appl."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.12.034","article-title":"The IoT for Smart Sustainable Cities of the Future: An Analytical Framework for Sensor-Based Big Data Applications for Environmental Sustainability","volume":"38","author":"Bibri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1049\/smc2.12082","article-title":"Smart Resilience Through IoT-Enabled Natural Disaster Management: A COVID-19 Response in S\u00e3o Paulo State","volume":"6","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"IET Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-020-00641-6","article-title":"Multi-Level Governance for Sustainable Innovation in Smart Communities: An Ecosystems Approach","volume":"16","author":"Ciasullo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Entrep. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.07.022","article-title":"Smart Innovative Cities: The Impact of Smart City Policies on Urban Innovation","volume":"142","author":"Caragliu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viguri, S., L\u00f3pez Tovar, S., Ju\u00e1rez Olvera, M., and Visconti, G. (2021). Analysis of External Climate Finance Access and Implementation: CIF, FCPF, GCF and GEF Projects and Programs by the Inter-American Development Bank, Inter American Development Bank.","DOI":"10.18235\/0003008"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.61093\/sec.8(1).286-309.2024","article-title":"Smart City Projects Financing","volume":"8","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Socioecon. Chall."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1108\/IJTC-03-2024-0078","article-title":"Is My City a Competitive Tourism Destination? An Assessment from Residents\u2019 Perspective","volume":"10","author":"Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Cities"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, K., Zhou, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Ao, Y., Cheng, C., Chen, Y., Li, K., and Zhou, Q. (2023). Can Population Mobility Make Cities More Resilient? Evidence from the Analysis of Baidu Migration Big Data in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010036"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160115","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0115","article-title":"The Ethics of Smart Cities and Urban Science","volume":"374","author":"Kitchin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110199","article-title":"Evaluation of Financial Incentives for Green Buildings in Canadian Landscape","volume":"135","author":"Rana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Netirith, N., and Ji, M. (2022). Analysis of the Efficiency of Transport Infrastructure Connectivity and Trade. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14159613"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Ma, W., and Sheng, S. (2023). Understanding the Structure and Determinants of Economic Linkage Network: The Case of Three Major City Clusters in Yangtze River Economic Belt. Front. Environ. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.1073395"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-020-00702-9","article-title":"Management of Regional Knowledge: Knowledge Flows Among University, Industry, and Government","volume":"13","author":"Barbosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Ghadami, A., Drake, J.M., Rohani, P., and Epureanu, B.I. (2021). Mathematical Model of the Feedback between Global Supply Chain Disruption and COVID-19 Dynamics. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94619-1"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.C., Hong, P., Lee, T., Lee, A., and Park, S.H. (2022). Determining Strategic Priorities for Smart City Development: Case Studies of South Korean and International Smart Cities. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141610001"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"116","article-title":"South\u2013South Cooperation and the Promise of Experimentalist Governance: The ASEAN Smart Cities Network","volume":"10","author":"Costoya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Politics Gov."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.54517\/ec.v5i1.2755","article-title":"Connecting the Green to the Digital: Integrating Eco Cities and Smart Regions","volume":"5","author":"Bauermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eco Cities"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/12265934.2021.1968939","article-title":"What Do People Want in a Smart City? Exploring the Stakeholders\u2019 Opinions, Priorities and Perceived Barriers in a Medium-Sized City in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Ward","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Urban Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.10.011","article-title":"Deciphering the Spatial Structure of China\u2019s Megacity Region: A New Bay Area\u2014The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in the Making","volume":"105","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13698","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.13698","article-title":"ResiSC: A System for Building Resilient Smart City Communication Networks","volume":"41","author":"Alenazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alenazi, M.J.F. (2023). ENRN: A System for Evaluating Network Resilience Against Natural Disasters. Mathematics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/math11204250"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120185","article-title":"Urban Innovation and Intercity Patent Collaboration: A Network Analysis of China\u2019s National Innovation System","volume":"160","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104680","article-title":"Predicting the Network Shift of Large Urban Agglomerations in China Using the Deep-Learning Gravity Model: A Perspective of Population Migration","volume":"145","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2021.11.012","article-title":"Can Tourism Information Flow Enhance Regional Tourism Economic Linkages?","volume":"49","author":"Ruan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3228927","article-title":"Developing Improved Time-Series DMSP-OLS-Like Data (1992\u20132019) in China by Integrating DMSP-OLS and SNPP-VIIRS","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/1\/60\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:31:46Z","timestamp":1759919506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/1\/60"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13010060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13010060","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]}}}