{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:44:24Z","timestamp":1759970664233,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Doctorados de la Universidad de San Sebasti\u00e1n-Fondo","award":["USS-FIN-25-APCS-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USS-FIN-25-APCS-08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article addresses the problem of unequal representation in Chile, where the current districting does not effectively consider its socio-economic diversity. An innovative methodology is proposed that uses the socio-economic dissimilarity distance (SED) obtained using a cluster analysis to create more homogeneous electoral districts. This SED is incorporated into a mathematical programming model for (re)districting and seat allocation, taking into account criteria such as the demographic balance, contiguity and compactness. The application of this methodology in the Santiago Metropolitan Region shows a significant improvement in both the socio-economic homogeneity and demographic balance of the districts. This research has relevant implications for electoral justice in Chile, as it proposes a way to improve the representativeness and ensure that the needs of each social group are reflected in the decision-making process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13020085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T05:40:46Z","timestamp":1738215646000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electoral Districts in Chile: Optimizing Socio-Economic Homogeneity and Demographic Balance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1448-7932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Rebolledo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima, Concepci\u00f3n, Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepci\u00f3n 4090541, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maykol","family":"Reinoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima, Concepci\u00f3n, Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepci\u00f3n 4090541, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1861-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima, Concepci\u00f3n, Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepci\u00f3n 4090541, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Obreque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4081112, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Baesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Concepci\u00f3n 4081339, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Guevara, G. 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