{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:49:57Z","timestamp":1760057397599,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Engineer Research and Development Center","award":["W912HZ22C0050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W912HZ22C0050"]}]},{"name":"University of Arkansas","award":["W912HZ22C0050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W912HZ22C0050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper describes our project to develop, verify, and deploy an All-Hazards Return of Investment (ROI) model for the U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) to provide army installations with a decision support tool for evaluating strategies to make existing installation facilities more resilient. The need for increased resilience to extreme weather caused by climate change was required by U.S. code and DoD guidance, as well as an army strategic plan that stipulated an ROI model to evaluate relevant resilient strategies. During the project, the ERDC integrated the University of Arkansas designed model into a new army installation planning tool and expanded the scope to evaluate resilient options from climate to all hazards. Our methodology included research on policy, data sources, resilient options, and analytical techniques, along with stakeholder interviews and weekly meetings with installation planning tool developers. The ROI model uses standard risk analysis and engineering economics terms and analyzes potential installation hazards and resilient strategies using data in the installation planning tool. The ROI model calculates the expected net present cost without the resilient strategy, the expected net present cost with the resilient strategy, and ROI for each resilient strategy. The minimum viable product ROI model was formulated mathematically, coded in Python, verified using hazard scenarios, and provided to the ERDC for implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13020090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T09:16:26Z","timestamp":1738314986000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An All-Hazards Return on Investment (ROI) Model to Evaluate U.S. Army Installation Resilient Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1271-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Parnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Curry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0308-0902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Specking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infinity Labs, Dayton, OH 45402, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Beger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infinity Labs, Dayton, OH 45402, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9168-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randy","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Wolters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6598-2525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1685-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Ables","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lachman, B.E., Briggs, R.J., Wilson, M.T., Resetar, S.A., Niewijk, J., and Song, P. (2023, March 03). Valuing Army Installation Resilience Investments for Natural Hazards: Exploring the Use of Insurance Methods and Historical Installation Storm Damage. Available online: https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/research_reports\/RRA2382-1.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cottam, B.J., Specking, E.A., Small, C.A., Pohl, E.A., Parnell, G.S., and Buchanan, R.K. (2019). 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