{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T05:20:25Z","timestamp":1784092825195,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Fund of China project","award":["22VRC064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22VRC064"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to examine the optimization of the HIV drug supply chain, with a dual focus on minimizing freight costs and delivery times. With the help of a dataset containing 10,325 instances of supply chain transactions, key variables, including \u201cCountry\u201d, \u201cVendor INCO Term\u201d, and \u201cShipment Mode\u201d, were examined in order to develop a predictive model using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) employing a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) architecture. A set of ANN models were trained to forecast \u201cfreight cost\u201d and \u201cdelivery time\u201d based on four principal design variables: \u201cLine Item Quantity\u201d, \u201cPack Price\u201d, \u201cUnit of Measure (Per Pack)\u201d, and \u201cWeight (Kilograms)\u201d. According to performance metrics analysis, these models demonstrated predictive accuracy following training. An optimization algorithm, configured with an \u201cactive-set\u201d algorithm, was then used to minimize the combined objective function of freight cost and delivery time. Both freight costs and delivery times were significantly reduced as a result of the optimization. This study illustrates the potent application of machine learning and optimization algorithms to the enhancement of supply chain efficiency. This study provides a blueprint for cost reduction and improved service delivery in critical medication supply chains based on the methodology and outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13020091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T09:16:26Z","timestamp":1738314986000},"page":"91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhancing Efficiency in the Healthcare Sector Through Multi-Objective Optimization of Freight Cost and Delivery Time in the HIV Drug Supply Chain Using Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Amirkeyvan","family":"Ghazvinian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intellectual Property, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2273-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junwen","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orhc.2020.100258","article-title":"Optimizing interventions across the HIV care continuum: A case study using process improvement analysis","volume":"25","author":"Barrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper. 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