{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:50:52Z","timestamp":1760057452391,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["72162028","JY20220143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72162028","JY20220143"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region directly under the University Research Fee Project, China","award":["72162028","JY20220143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72162028","JY20220143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>More and more attention has been paid to the environmental problems brought about by the development of the global economy. Based on the principal\u2013agent theory, this paper constructs an incentive model for the government and polluting enterprises and explores the incentive problem of the government and polluting enterprises in undertaking environmental responsibility. At present, the research on the incentive of polluting enterprises focuses on the hypothesis of \u2018rational man\u2019, and less on the fairness preference of polluting enterprises. However, in other research fields, it has been proved that fairness preference has a great influence on the incentive mechanism. Fairness preference is introduced into the incentive model, and the incentive effect of polluting enterprises before and after considering fairness preference is compared and analyzed. This study found that the reward and punishment mechanism considering fairness preference can increase the behavior of polluting enterprises to assume environmental responsibility and limit the behavior of not assuming environmental responsibility. The stronger the fairness preference of polluting enterprises, the stronger the role of incentive mechanism; after considering the fairness preference, the government\u2019s subsidies and penalties for polluting enterprises will increase with the increase in the fairness preference of polluting enterprises, and the expected benefits of polluting enterprises and the government will also increase; under the same incentive mechanism, the income of polluting enterprises with strong fairness preference is higher, but the government\u2019s income is lower. Adopting the same incentive mechanism for different polluting enterprises will cause the loss of social benefits. After considering the fairness preference, the incentive strategy set up to a certain extent promotes the polluting enterprises to assume environmental responsibility and realize the coordinated development of the economy and the environment. Therefore, the government should set reasonable subsidy and punishment policies according to the fairness preference of polluting enterprises to encourage enterprises to fulfill their environmental responsibilities, improve environmental quality and reduce pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13020103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T03:39:47Z","timestamp":1739158787000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research on the Incentive Mechanism of Environmental Responsibility of Polluting Enterprises Considering Fairness Preference"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gedi","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qisheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11636-9","article-title":"Can corporate environmental responsibility improve environmental performance? An inter-temporal analysis of Chinese chemical companies","volume":"28","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89597","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21908-1","article-title":"How do environmental protection expenditure and green technology innovation affect synergistically the financial performance of heavy polluting enterprises? Evidence from China","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2022.01.017","article-title":"Can environmental regulation promote green innovation in heavily polluting enterprises? Empirical evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China","volume":"30","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X.-Z., Chen, J., Chen, F.-W., Wang, W., and Xia, S. (2020). How high-polluting firms suffer from being distracted from intended purpose: A corporate social responsibility perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249197"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"European Commission (2019). The European Green Deal. Environ. Policy Clim. Change, Available online: https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategy-and-policy\/priorities-2019-2024\/european-green-deal_en."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"69","article-title":"Does environmental policy stringency matter for eco-innovation? Evidence from the EU countries","volume":"10","author":"Godawska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Entrep. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14281","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2023639","article-title":"Study on the influence of Chinese traditional culture on corporate environmental responsibility","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25315-y","article-title":"Environmental responsibility information disclosure, cooperative resources, and enterprise market competitiveness","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, L., Wang, X., Peng, J., Jiang, G., and Deng, S. (2022). The impact of environmental information disclosure quality on green innovation of high-polluting enterprises. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1069354"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, Y., and Chi, Y. (2023). Corporate environmental information disclosure and earnings management in China: Ethical behavior or opportunism motivation?. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15118896"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123253","article-title":"New media environment, environmental information disclosure and firm valuation: Evidence from high-polluting enterprises in China","volume":"277","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-023-03782-0","article-title":"Does environmental information disclosure tone affect corporate green innovation in China? Based on the institutional perspective","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Li, H., Gou, X., Feng, J., and Gao, X. (2022). CEO educational attainment, green innovation, and enterprise performance: Evidence from China\u2019s heavy-polluting enterprises. Front. Environ. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.1042400"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2021.11.030","article-title":"The relationship between CSR and financial performance and the moderating effect of ownership structure: Evidence from Chinese heavily polluting listed enterprises","volume":"30","author":"Ang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, C., He, J., Du, L., and Yang, J. (2023). Executives with environmental experience and corporate environmental performance: Evidence from China\u2019s A-share listed companies. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su152015062"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Liao, W., Zhou, Z., and Li, Y. (2021). Can financial constraints and regulatory distance reduce corporate environmental irresponsibility?. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3893390"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., Ock, Y.-S., Wu, F., and Zhang, Z. (2022). The effect of internal control on green innovation: Corporate environmental investment as a mediator. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031755"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.06.073","article-title":"The impact of management\u2019s characteristics on corporate environmental responsibility performance of energy systems in the digital age\u2014Evidence from China\u2019s traditional energy listed companies industry","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11978-4","article-title":"Smog, media attention, and corporate social responsibility\u2014Empirical evidence from Chinese polluting listed companies","volume":"28","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Sun, H., Sun, H., and Xie, C. (2023). Impact of public environmental concerns on the digital transformation of heavily polluting enterprises. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010203"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J., Wei, Y., Wang, S., and Liu, Q. (2023). The impact of digital transformation on the total factor productivity of heavily polluting enterprises. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33553-w"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.138805","article-title":"Digital transformation, corporate social responsibility and green technology innovation\u2014Based on empirical evidence of listed companies in China","volume":"424","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120500","article-title":"Balancing growth targets and environmental regulations: An empirical analysis of dual policy impact on corporate environmental responsibility-insights from China","volume":"355","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21315-6","article-title":"Impact of green credit policy on sustainability performance of high-pollution enterprises","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-021-01988-8","article-title":"Tightening of environmental regulations and corporate environmental irresponsibility: A quasi-natural experiment","volume":"24","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.139392","article-title":"The green innovation effect of urban energy saving construction: A quasi-natural experiment from new energy demonstration city policy","volume":"428","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2024.101830","article-title":"Effects of environmental liability insurance on illegal pollutant discharge of heavy polluting enterprises: Emission reduction incentives or pollution protector?","volume":"92","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21065-5","article-title":"Green finance and corporate environmental responsibility: Evidence from heavily polluting listed enterprises in China","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, S., and Jin, S. (2023). Can enterprises in China achieve sustainable development through green investment?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031787"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48937","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19270-3","article-title":"Green mergers and acquisitions and green innovation: An empirical study on heavily polluting enterprises","volume":"29","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136519","article-title":"Does provincial green governance promote enterprise green investment? Based on the perspective of government vertical management","volume":"396","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77057","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21170-5","article-title":"The asymmetric influences of environmental subsidy and non-environmental subsidy on corporate environmental responsibility: Evidence from China","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Huang, Y., Hu, S., and Sun, J. (2023). How tripartite stakeholders promote green technology innovation of China\u2019s heavily polluting enterprises?. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15129650"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23350-9","article-title":"A strategic analysis of incorporating corporate environmental responsibility into managerial incentive design: A differential game approach","volume":"30","author":"Teng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., and Pan, F. (2023). Incentive mechanism analysis of environmental governance using multitask principal\u2013agent model. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15054126"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, L., Fan, R., Wang, Y., and Cheng, E. (2023). Invisible economy, performance assessment of local governments, and environmental regulation in China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26776-x"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, R., and Ling, S. (2023). The effect of the accountability system in promoting environmental conflict governance: An evolutionary game analysis. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-023-04218-5"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.252","article-title":"Implementation of a multi-agent environmental regulation strategy under Chinese fiscal decentralization: An evolutionary game theoretical approach","volume":"214","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22085","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-023-03161-9","article-title":"Research on the evolutionary mechanism and optimum control of pro-environmental behavior of polluting enterprises driven by environmental policies","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-023-03803-y","article-title":"Green finance and enterprise green innovation: Incentive effect and synergy perspective","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.07.068","article-title":"Modelling and simulation of a four-group evolutionary game model for green innovation stakeholders: Contextual evidence in lens of sustainable development","volume":"197","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, D., and Zhao, Y. (2023). The impact of environmental regulations on enterprises\u2019 green innovation: The mediating effect of managers\u2019 environmental awareness. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151410906"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29392-x","article-title":"Incentive or constraint? Comprehensive impacts of green credit policy on industrial energy intensity","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, J., Yuan, Z., Shi, F., and Yin, S. (2023). Environmental pollution liability insurance and green innovation of enterprises: Incentive tools or self-interest means?. Front. Environ. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1077128"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6793216","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6793216","article-title":"Game models for closed-supply chain with different competition-cooperation relationships under fairness preference","volume":"2020","author":"Nian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"277","article-title":"Interactive impacts of overconfidence and fairness concern on supply chain performance","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Prod. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.3934\/math.2021132","article-title":"The principal-agent model in venture investment based on fairness preference","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIMS Math."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5862576","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5862576","article-title":"Venture investment incentive mechanisms and simulation with venture entrepreneurs having multistage efforts based on fairness preference theory","volume":"2016","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Discret. Dyn. Nat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3934\/jimo.2018137","article-title":"Fairness preference based decision-making model for concession period in PPP projects","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Manag. Optim."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37621","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2975821","article-title":"Strategic interaction between the government and the private sector in PPP projects incorporating the fairness preference","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Chen, X., Zhou, H., and You, X. (2022). A study on the relationship between compensation gap within the top management team and corporate performance: An empirical research based on the moderation effect of fairness preference. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.916832"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022036","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002284","article-title":"Tournament incentive mechanisms design for long-distance water diversion projects incorporating preference heterogeneity","volume":"148","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, L., Liao, X., Li, R., and Cao, S. (2023). The industrial decision analysis of regional coordinated development considering information distribution and fairness preference. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su152216006"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8835","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2923805","article-title":"Considering decoy effect and fairness preference: An incentive mechanism for crowdsensing","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121861","article-title":"Tournament incentive mechanisms based on fairness preference in large-scale water diversion projects","volume":"265","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, M., Tan, N., and Chen, X. The design of sharing contract and the explanation of contract government paradox based on fairness preference. Proceedings of the 2011 Fourth International Conference on Business Intelligence and Financial Engineering, Wuhan, China, 17\u201318 October 2011.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIFE.2011.122"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, Y., and Cao, H. (2017, January 8\u201311). Study on the incentive mechanism of crowdsourcing considering participator\u2019s fairness preference. Proceedings of the International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS), Stockholm, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/GSIS.2017.8077726"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-02489-x","article-title":"Reputation incentive model of open innovation of scientific and technological-based SMEs considering fairness preference","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, R., and Hong, K. (2021). Research on extreme dispute decisions of large-scale engineering projects from the perspective of multidimensional preferences. Mathematics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/math9222940"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Tao, M., An, X., and Dong, G. (2023). Research on profit-sharing mechanism of IPD projects considering multidimensional fairness preferences and BIM. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11090477"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916211001332","article-title":"Three theories of choice and their psychology of losses","volume":"17","author":"Lejarraga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"37","article-title":"Fairness preference and performance optimization of e-commerce supply chain with private label","volume":"246","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"22","article-title":"Optimal contract design for cooperative supply chain based on fairness preference","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"107","article-title":"Research of incentive mechanism based on fairness preference theory","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1687814019877022","article-title":"Incentive mechanism for construction supply chain coordination under the influence of fairness preference","volume":"11","author":"Pu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mech. Eng."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/2\/103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:29:26Z","timestamp":1760027366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/2\/103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13020103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13020103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]}}}