{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T13:33:21Z","timestamp":1770039201167,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["22YJCZH221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJCZH221"]}]},{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["23A0254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23A0254"]}]},{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["XSKJ2023059-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSKJ2023059-39"]}]},{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["CX20230926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20230926"]}]},{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["hnwjp14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["hnwjp14"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Hunan Provincial Department of Education","award":["22YJCZH221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJCZH221"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Hunan Provincial Department of Education","award":["23A0254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23A0254"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Hunan Provincial Department of Education","award":["XSKJ2023059-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSKJ2023059-39"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Hunan Provincial Department of Education","award":["CX20230926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20230926"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Hunan Provincial Department of Education","award":["hnwjp14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["hnwjp14"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Hunan Provincial Water Resources Department","award":["22YJCZH221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJCZH221"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Hunan Provincial Water Resources Department","award":["23A0254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23A0254"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Hunan Provincial Water Resources Department","award":["XSKJ2023059-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSKJ2023059-39"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Hunan Provincial Water Resources Department","award":["CX20230926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20230926"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Hunan Provincial Water Resources Department","award":["hnwjp14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["hnwjp14"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Graduate Research and Innovation Project","award":["22YJCZH221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJCZH221"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Graduate Research and Innovation Project","award":["23A0254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23A0254"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Graduate Research and Innovation Project","award":["XSKJ2023059-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSKJ2023059-39"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Graduate Research and Innovation Project","award":["CX20230926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20230926"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Graduate Research and Innovation Project","award":["hnwjp14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["hnwjp14"]}]},{"name":"General Project of the Fifth National Economic Census in Hunan Province","award":["22YJCZH221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJCZH221"]}]},{"name":"General Project of the Fifth National Economic Census in Hunan Province","award":["23A0254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23A0254"]}]},{"name":"General Project of the Fifth National Economic Census in Hunan Province","award":["XSKJ2023059-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSKJ2023059-39"]}]},{"name":"General Project of the Fifth National Economic Census in Hunan Province","award":["CX20230926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20230926"]}]},{"name":"General Project of the Fifth National Economic Census in Hunan Province","award":["hnwjp14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["hnwjp14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Delayed product differentiation (DD) is a two-stage hybrid system that meets the dual demands of multiple product types and fast response times. This paper studies the optimal production planning problem for DD systems under a cap-and-trade environment. We establish a model to minimize the total cost of storage, late delivery penalties, and emission quota trading and make optimal decisions on inventory levels, emission trading quantities, and types of emission trading. Data analyses show that the introduction of carbon cap-and-trade policies can effectively optimize the optimal inventory of the DD system. The loading in the MTS and MTO stages has an asymmetric impact on the cost and emission advantages of DD. Under carbon cap-and-trade policies, DD is more available than a pure MTS system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13030161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T11:22:12Z","timestamp":1740568932000},"page":"161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimal Delay Product Differentiation System Under the Cap-and-Trade Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7219-3575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shouyao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410104, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4627-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410104, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2024, May 10). 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