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This study employs the exponential random graph model to investigate how the network structural, node, and edge attributes drive the formation of I-U-R collaborative networks in China\u2019s CEI, using a dataset of 5276 I-U-R collaborative patents. Key findings reveal the following: (1) convergence structures and transitive closure differentially drive network formation across the growth and maturity phases; (2) the nodes with strong R&amp;D capabilities consistently drive network formation, though enterprises increasingly exert a negative effect and universities show a weakening positive effect; (3) multi-dimensional proximity displays temporal dynamics\u2014geographic proximity follows an inverted U-curve, social proximity is U-shaped, and technological proximity gradually weakens; (4) node types exhibit heterogeneous moderating effects. Enterprises negatively moderate R&amp;D capability during growth and maturity periods, weakening the technological proximity across all periods, and social and geographic proximity in maturity. Universities positively moderate the R&amp;D capability but show period-specific effects on proximity: weakening social proximity in the sprouting stage, geographic proximity in the growth stage, and shifting their moderation of technological proximity from positive (growth) to negative (maturity). These findings deepen the understanding of how the I-U-R collaborative networks in China\u2019s CEI format, contributing to the collaborative innovation theory through insights into the dynamic roles of node types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13030173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T05:52:16Z","timestamp":1740981136000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Formation Drivers and Evolutionary Dynamics of Industry-University-Research Collaborative Networks in China\u2019s Clean Energy Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qiezeng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Harbin Engineering University, Nantong Street, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Harbin Engineering University, Nantong Street, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Harbin Engineering University, Nantong Street, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinuales, J.E. 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